Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750-1945JHU Press, 2000 - 412 pages Focusing on the social, intellectual, and political context in which medical education took place, Thomas Neville Bonner offers a detailed analysis of transformations in medical instruction in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the United States between the Enlightenment and World War II. From a unique comparative perspective, this study considers how divergent approaches to medical instruction in these countries mirrored as well as impacted their particular cultural contexts. The book opens with an examination of key developments in medical education during the late eighteenth century and continues by tracing the evolution of clinical teaching practices in the early 1800s. It then charts the rise of laboratory-based teaching in the nineteenth century and the progression toward the establishment of university standards for medical education during the early twentieth century. Throughout, the author identifies changes in medical student populations and student life, including the opportunities available for women and minorities. |
Contents
An Uncertain Enterprise Learning to Heal in the Enlightenment | 12 |
The Breakdown of the Medieval Order | 14 |
Varieties of Healers | 16 |
Serving the Rural Population | 22 |
The Role of the State | 26 |
Changing Patterns of Medical Study Before 1800 | 33 |
Medicine as University Study | 34 |
Other Sites of Medical Study | 43 |
The Lives of Medical Students | 213 |
A Changing Curriculum | 217 |
Beyond the Classroom | 226 |
The Spread of Laboratory Teaching 18501870 | 231 |
Why Germany? | 232 |
The Laboratory as an Extension of Practical Teaching | 236 |
The Spread of Laboratory Teaching 18501870 | 239 |
The Teaching Laboratory in France | 241 |
Rapprochement of Medicine and Surgery | 56 |
The Shape of Things to Come | 58 |
The Lives of Medical Students and Their Teachers Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century | 61 |
Social Class and Medical Study | 63 |
The Chorus of Advice | 70 |
A Portrait of a Student of Medicine | 72 |
Classroom and Hospital | 80 |
Vexations of Academic Life | 81 |
The Medical Teacher | 89 |
Across National Boundaries | 98 |
The Clinical Impulse and the National Response 17801830 | 103 |
What Is a Clinic? | 104 |
The Revolutionary Changes in France | 106 |
Hospital or Policlinic? | 109 |
Clinical Teaching in Britain and America | 114 |
Outside the Walls of Academe | 119 |
Military Medicine and the Clinic | 123 |
Glimpses of Clinical Teaching | 125 |
Contrasts in French Clinical Training | 128 |
Practical Teaching in AngloAmerica | 132 |
Paris the Clinic and History | 136 |
Science and Medical Study Early Nineteenth Century | 142 |
The New Sciences and the Old Curriculum | 145 |
The Spread of Morbid Anatomy | 146 |
The Beginnings of Physiology as a Medical Subject | 151 |
Medical Study and National Differences | 156 |
A Birds Eye View of Medical Education in 1830 | 158 |
The German Enterprise in Medical Education | 159 |
Comparisons and Contrasts | 163 |
An Overview of Medical Education in Great Britain | 166 |
North American Medical Training in 1830 | 175 |
Toward New Goals for Medical Education 18301850 | 182 |
The Aims of Reformers on the Continent | 185 |
Germany Advances the Single Standard | 187 |
The Reform Movement in France | 190 |
Creating a Safe General Practitioner in Great Britain | 193 |
Striving for Change in the United States | 195 |
Medical Teachers at Midcentury | 200 |
Between Clinic and Laboratory Students and Teaching at Midcentury | 203 |
Social Distinctions in Preparation for Medicine | 204 |
Women and Medical Education Circa 1850 | 207 |
AngloAmerican Teaching ana the Laboratory | 244 |
The Laboratory Versus the Clinic The Fight for the Curriculum 18701890 | 251 |
The Axis of the 1870s | 252 |
The German University at Its Zenith | 253 |
Reappraising Medical Training in France | 255 |
The 1870s in Great Britain | 259 |
America in the 1870s | 264 |
The Fight for the Curriculum | 268 |
Conflict in Germany | 269 |
The Clinic Versus the Laboratory in Great Britain | 275 |
Resistance to Laboratory Science in America | 276 |
The French Clinic and the Auxiliary Sciences | 278 |
Toward a University Standard of Medical Education 18901920 | 280 |
The Persistence of National Differences | 281 |
The Systems at the Fin de Siecle | 285 |
Universities Laboratory Science and Medicine | 288 |
Medical Education and the American University | 291 |
The Goal of University Teaching in Britain | 295 |
Science the Clinic and Flexner | 298 |
The War and Medical Education 19141920 | 306 |
Changing Student Populations in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century | 309 |
The Limited Admission of Women to Medicine | 312 |
AntiSemitism and Medical Study | 315 |
The Student Experience | 316 |
Access to Patients and Clinics | 318 |
Consolidation Stability and New Upheavals 19201945 | 325 |
The Aftermath of War | 326 |
Between the Wars | 327 |
British Efforts at Change in the 1920s | 330 |
Echoes of Old Battles | 332 |
The Hardening of National Differences | 336 |
Students Depression and Political Turmoil | 337 |
Womens Study Between the Wars | 338 |
AntiSemitism in Germany and Elsewhere | 340 |
African Americans and Medical Study | 342 |
War and Medical Study 19391945 | 343 |
A Closing Word | 346 |
Bibliography | 349 |
| 405 | |
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Page 381 - A HISTORY OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, from its Foundation in 1765: with Sketches of Deceased Professors, &c.