every county-seat town in the State south of a point one hundred miles north of St. Paul-with paved roads.

Immense as the fund is and far reaching as the results of its judicious expenditure will be, the combined expense to the taxpayers is but one and one-half mills, only one-half or one-third as much as the present county bridge-fund levies in most mid-western States, less than the public library levy in the average town. With a fund of only $350,000 at its disposal last year, the State highway commission, which began business in 1906 with only $80,000 available, has graded and dragged more than a thousand miles of roadway, but, far more important, has

built almost 500 miles of permanent highway: 400 miles of gravel, 50 miles of macadam, and 19 miles of clay and sand. The commission now has under construction six short stretches of concrete road, four leading into Winona and two into Minneapolis, a total of 36 miles. With all this accomplished in six years, on an annual fund never larger than $350,000, some idea may be had of what the commission can do with a fund of $32,000,000. It is of interest to note that the amendment creating this fund was one of the very few to pass at the last general election, showing the temper of the people.

Nor does this tell the whole story in Minnesota. Congress, in the last postoffice appropriation bill, incorporated an

item of $500,000 for the encouragement of road building. The fund is now being administered by the good-roads division of the department of agriculture. The matter stands thus: The Government proposes to spend $10,000 on fifty miles. of road in each State over which rural mail is carried, provided the State or the counties through which the road runs add $20,000 more, making a fund of $30,000 for the fifty miles. The Minnesota highway commission is using this government appropriation as a nucleus around which county appropriations and personal

ent force is sufficient to keep seven hundred miles under inspection and in repair just as track walkers and section gangs keep a railroad track in order. Each patrolman is paid $50 a month and devotes his entire time to the ten miles of roadway under his supervision.

The success achieved in Minnesota has inspired Iowa, which has long claimed to be in the vanguard of the good-roads

subscriptions are being gathered, so that a good sized fund is in prospect. That the personal subscriptions are not slow in coming is evidenced by the success of one man in Winona county, who, in four days, raised more than $30,000.

Minnesota also has a force of patrolmen at work with pick, shovel, and wheelbarrow, keeping good roads in good condition. The state highway commission hires thirty-five patrolmen, while interested counties hire an equal number. Each man is given ten miles of highway to patrol, the result being that the pres

movement but which has contented herself heretofore with dragged dirt roads. The river-to-river road, extending across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, was put into good condition for the Glidden tourists by hundreds of farmers leaving their fields at an appointed hour and dragging their stretch of road, so that the entire distance of three hundred and fifty miles was made into a smooth, level highway in twentyfour hours. It was only when the President of the Iowa Good-Roads Association, ex-Senator Lafe Young, starting

out to make his first automobile tour over the highway which his energy and enthusiasm had given to the State, and becoming stalled in the mud, was forced to abandon his automobile for a train within fifty miles of the starting point, that the eyes of Iowa's road enthusiasts were opened to the fact that they had not an all-the-year-round highway. After all, the best dragged road in the grain belt is out of commission a part of the year, and so Iowa joins in the crusade for paved roads.

At the annual convention of the Good-Roads Association, held last December, it was unanimously decided to urge upon the legislature the advisability of a

shown by the fact that the special assessment against a quarter section, 160 acres, of $150 land would amount to only onetenth of one per cent of the real value. The fact that a farm which had never been priced above $75 an acre, before the construction of good roads, sold within a few months after their construction for $112.50 an acre-the owner admitting that the advance in value was due solely to the new highwayshows that the small burden of taxation would be

special one-mill state road tax levy, putting Iowa in the Minnesota class. But Iowa proposes to go Minnesota a few million dollars better, the state convention of good-road enthusiasts heartily endorsing a plan to bond the roads for $25,000,000 -issuing bonds on roads the same as is now done on drainage systems; municipal improvements, courthouses, public buildings, and the like-the entire fund of $25,000,000 to be available for permanent roads at once, the interest on the bonds to be paid and the bonds to be retired, within twenty-five years, by means of the annual tax imposed on automobiles and the state road levy of one mill. Iowa proposes to follow the Minnesota plan by having the state's fund duplicated by the traversed counties and the benefited property, so that $50,000,000 would be available for good roads. Experts figure that roads can be paved with vitrified brick, the State over, at an average cost of $10,000 a mile. The $50,000,000 fund would more than pave every highway connecting every county-seat town in Iowa, by north and south and east and west roads, a total of 4,390 miles altogether.

That the cost to the farmer would not

While Minnesota and Iowa are thus engaged with bond. issues and millions, Wisconsin has placed a law upon her statute books which is already achieving good results. This law provides that if any town votes any sum of money, up to $2,000, either at its regular spring election or at a special election, for the construction of a stone or gravel road on a portion of the country-road system, the county board of supervisors is forced to appropriate an equal amount and the road must be built within the ensuing year, under direction of the county highway commissioner. In other words, any time the people of any town want better roads, they have $4,000 a year at their disposal, one-half coming from the town. funds and one-half from the county funds, sufficient to build at least one mile of permanent rock road each year.

Missouri likewise has joined the crusade, having a law which provides for a state levy of ten cents per hundred dollars' valuation on all property outside of corporation limits, for repairing and grading dirt roads, and another law providing that a special levy of twenty-five cents per hundred dollars' valuation may be made for the construction of permanent highways. Two-thirds of the amount paid for saloon licenses goes into the county-road fund. It is also provided

V

ACCINE treatment for colds is beginning to be given by some physicians in Chicago, New York, and other citiesthe preparation requisite for the purpose being put up and sold in tiny glass vials. Each vial holds a single dose, to be administered by hypodermic injection.

The treatment in question is given in cases where the patient shows a tendency to recurrent attacks. Such attacks are not only annoying, but may even be dangerous, by reason of other troubles to which they are liable to lead. Common "coryza", or "cold in the head", with its various complications, probably costs the people of the United States more, in

suffering and money loss, than diphtheria and pneumonia combined.

In vaccinating for colds, the physician employs a preparation of the germs by which the trouble is caused. These germs are propagated by billions in beef broth, and then killed by heating the fluid to boiling point. Being dead, they can do no harm, but they contain the specific poison of the disease, which, when introduced into the circulation by the hypodermic syringe, starts the cells of the body to making an anti-poison deadly to living germs of that particular malady. Thus an immunity to the latter is produced--the principle involved being the same as that which renders vaccination for typhoid fever a preventive.

The treatment is rendered much less easy by the fact that catarrhal troubles of the nose and throat are commonly attributable to a number of different species of germs-conspicuous among them being the microbe of grippe, the bacillus coryza, Friedlander's bacillus, and the micrococcus catarrhalis. It will be seen that the enemies have been pretty well identified; but it is hard to tell which ones are doing the mischief in any particular case, and in most instances there are several concerned together.

Consequently, the only thing to do is to administer to the sufferer a sort of "shotgun" vaccine-such preparations are more properly known as "bacterins" -containing half a dozen or more different organisms. It will be understood that the point of prime importance is to dose the patient with dead germs of the same species as the live ones which are making him sick. When practicable, a bacterial examination is made of the nose and throat discharges, in order to discover just what microbes are making the mis

chief.

The complicated character of the problem becomes manifest when it is said that some cases of apparently simple "cold in the head", or coryza, are in reality nasal diphtheria; and a child thus afflicted, who goes to school, may endanger other children. Again, the pneumonia germ itself sometimes produces coryza, as well as tonsilitis, bronchitis, quinsy, abscess of the middle ear, "sinus" infection, meningitis, peritonitis, appendicitis, and even rheumatism!

Within the last few years ideas on the subject of colds have been wholly revolutionized. They are not caused by exposure to low temperatures-though it is always possible that a sudden chilling of the body surface might so reduce the vital resisting power as to give the microbes a chance to get in their work. A cold is an acute bacterial infection. The germs which cause colds are always plentiful in unsunned air, particularly in shut-in places. If one's health is firstrate, one is to a

considerable extent immune to their attack;

'VACCINATING" FOR COLDS IS ACCOMPLISHED WITH AN ORDINARY HYPODERMIC SYRINGE

but if one happens to be a bit below par, with vital resistance temporarily lowered, they may accomplish an invasion.

The tissues most commonly attacked by them are thosereadily accessible-which form the mucous lining of the nose and throat. Multiplying there in countless numbers, they excrete a poison which is a powerful irritantwhence the uncomfortableness that accompanies a cold in the head. If a great deal of the poison is produced, it