perature often drops below zero and the winds sweep across the old town with terrific force, the hens seem to be entirely comfortable in these paper houses and lay well the well the winter through.

The houses are much more substantial than one might expect. They have cement floors and are large enough to work in comfortably. Framing material of furring is used and over it poultry netting is stretched as tight as it is possible to get it. Then heavy tarred paper is tacked in place over the netting. The inside of the houses are given a heavy coat of white paint, which makes them light and helps to fill the laps in the paper.

The houses are of the shedroof type and are divided into pens, each of which has a long window in front, with an opening above covered only with burlap in order to provide ventilation. In summer the windows are wholly or partly removed. Each pen is eight feet square, so that the house here illustrat

ed, with its four pens, is thirty-two feet long.

It is hard to believe that a house this size made of paper and wire can be used continuously and with satisfaction for seven years, yet Mr. Brown is still housing hens in a paper house built seven years ago and it appears to be good for several years more. The

paper houses suffer little from storms and ordinary usage, but occasionally an irrepressible small boy will throw a stone through the roof, and it then becomes

necessary to apply a patch by slipping a square of paper between the roof and the netting to cover the hole.

But repairs of this sort, of course, do not cost a great deal, either in time or material. That is one of the big advantages in building a poultry house out of material so easily replaced. Then, too, the initial cost, as compared with wood, is low.

The owner and builder of these remarkable poultry houses is more than satisfied to continue to use paper walls.

DOG KENNEL ON CITY ROOF

She has received as much as $150 for a single puppy, and never gets less than $15, even for those that are imperfectly marked. Her dogs get only one meal a day, a sort of porridge made of rice, spaghetti, carrots, potatoes, and onions cooked together in meat broth. They always have plenty of bones and dog biscuits on which to exercise their teeth, and now and then a beef heart thoroughly cooked and run through the meat-chopper. Every morning their coats are brushed, and paws and faces are washed.

MOUNTING.

ONE woman is making a success of raising dogs under difficulties. She is Miss Wareham of New York, and her dog kennel is located on the roof of the New York apartment building in which she lives. "My interest in dogs began with two toy spaniels which were given me for Christmas," says Miss Wareham. "The family was presently increased to six, and in caring for the puppies I learned a great deal about dogs. When I sold them for $25 apiece I decided to go into the business of raising them. I tried having a kennel in the country at first, but it was not successful, as I could not be there all the time myself, so I had a galvanized iron dog-house, ten feet by twelve and eight feet high, built on the roof. The house is electric lighted and gas heated. Since the cages in which the dogs sleep are also made of iron, there is never the slightest odor. Their bedding blankets are aired every day and washed frequently."

All day long the puppies, mostly toy spaniels and Pomeranians, tumble and play in the long fenced-in runs on the roof, greeting callers with delighted barks. There are several champions among them now, for one of Miss Wareham's theories is the buying of only the best stock.

"Of course the country is the ideal place for a dog kennel," says Miss Wareham, "but I have found it possible to keep one, seldom containing less than fifty dogs, right in the heart of the city.

are

"This is a good business for a woman if she is willing to give her entire time to it," she adds, "but it cannot be left to servants. My dogs so accustomed to my presence that they know what I say to them, and when I tell them to keep still they obey at once, no matter how glad they are to see me. I have a little kennel-boy to keep order when I am away, but he is only there to keep the puppies amused so that they will not bark and annoy my neighbors. This is necessary, because the little fellows really become quite lonesome without human companionship and diversion."

MENT BUILDING.

COAST

J

UST where the Gulf Stream turns northward past the coast of Florida, hydrographers have estimated that that body of warm water represents an hourly flow of 90,000,000,000 tons of water! This ever-moving volume is charged with a vast accumulation of heat, and this beneficent warmth is carried for thousands of miles from its source, turning, today, into habitable and prosperous countries great areas which otherwise would be too cold for comfort. But this most wonderful of the rivers of the ocean is possibly not fulfilling its natural mission, today, to the measure that it once did before Greenland was buried under its glacial burden, and Carroll Livingston Riker, a prominent and successful hydrographic engineer, now proposes

a way by which this great storehouse of tropical heat can be made to do again what it quite probably did ages ago. Just fancy the splendid audacity of a scheme which contemplates controlling the hourly flow of 90,000,000,000 tons of water! And yet, the proposition becomes quite feasible when physical conditions and the causes that have brought their present state into being are duly considered.

The menacing fogs of the Newfoundland coast are traditional, and their deceptive pall has exacted a heavy toll of life and property. Those fogs are but the sweat of battle that has gone on without cease for centuries between the Labrador Current and the Gulf Stream, over the Grand Bank. The Arctic waters and the Tropic waters have struggled for supremacy over that fateful area of com

paratively shallow depth, and the curious part of Nature's story is that this great mountain of sand has been built by these very streams which now contend there for the right of way.

Out of the ocean depths quite 15,000 feet down, the Grand Bank has been built until its great plateau, with a diameter of about 300 miles across the top, has risen within from 250 to 200 feet of the normal level of the North Atlantic. Just what started the rearing of this barrier, which has helped to turn aside the probable original more northerly course of the Gulf Stream past Newfoundland, is, of course, a matter of pure speculation. But all of us have seen how sand builds up a shoal in flowing water around a comparatively small obstruction, and who shall say what was the nature of the causes which first made the Gulf Stream stumble in its path, thus giving its Arctic rival a chance to bring down and deposit there the vast accumulation of sand from the Northland? Be that as it may, we are face to face with results-results that may be changing our climate from year to year as they have affected other regions in the past.

Before this deflecting barrier rose to its present height, the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, being lighter, no doubt flowed unimpeded over the heavier and submerged flood of the Labrador Current-this difference in temperature giving to each a distinctive character which kept them from extensively commingling, just as oil and water will do of their own accord. When this was the case, the Arctic Current, following a natural channel or path, slipped under the Gulf Stream at a point far seaward off the coast of Newfoundland, and disappeared into the great cold depths of the Atlantic. Then, the Gulf Stream warmed the shores of Greenland and made that country verdant the year round, and, likewise, washed the shores of Siberia, making that region a home for the mammoth, which was found there but a few years ago per

fectly preserved in the glacial ice which had held it in cold storage for centuries. In fact, the Eskimo dogs of the discoverers feasted upon that flesh!

When the Grand Bank reached high enough to throw the two currents into combat, the Gulf Stream, surviving the battle, though more or less torn into ribbons, was forced to scatter itself upon its succeeding courses. From the Gulf Stream, the Labrador Current saps heat enough over the Grand Bank to represent the warmth of a million tons of coal burned in a minute's time, or, in other words, the Arctic flood throws into the Gulf Stream at that point a refrigerating element equivalent to the freezing of twomillion tons of ice every second! that is not where we, of the United States, are most concerned: as a consequence of that struggle, a broad branchof the Labrador Current succeeds in breaking its way to the westward and

But