the membrane, there pass (by means of unilateral bunches of flagella, 8 to 12 μ long, according to G. Fischer, see Fig. Fig. 28.-Characteristic appearance of Cladothrix dichotoma Cohn (after Migula). Fig. 29.-Characteristic appear- ance of Cladothrix Fig. 30.-Pseudodichotomous branching of Cladothrix dichotoma Cohn (after Cohn, reduced). Fig. 31. Separation of flagellated organisms of Cladothrix dichotoma Cohn (after A. Fischer). 31), short, actively motile bacilli, which, after wandering, become fixed by one end and again form new threads. There are no 66 spores nor sporangia" unless the occasionally occurring expansions of the threads in which the rods lie in double rows are so called. APPENDIX III. Notes Concerning Insufficiently Elucidated Diseases Which Perhaps Depend upon Bacteria. Of the diseases not yet mentioned in this book the following are outside of our consideration, because: (a) Dependent upon higher molds: favus, herpes tonsurans, the deep wound suppurations caused by hyphomycetes, certain mold mycoses. (b) Caused by yeast fungi: many tumors in man and animals. (c) Dependent upon protozoa: malaria, dysentery (?), Texas fever in cattle, Surra or Tsetse disease, variola. Some diseases which are probably produced by fissionfungi, as syphilis, are treated briefly in the text; some others are suited only to a discussion in an appendix, because that which is known regarding their etiology is either very uncertain or so incomplete that the insertion of the micro-organisms in a system is not possible. Phlyctenular (Scrofulous, Eczematous) Ophthalmitis. In contrast to the authors who would recognize in the Micrococcus pyogenes alone the cause of the above-mentioned inflammations of the eye developing upon a scrofulous substratum, a number of investigators have shown that in carefully selected uncomplicated cases, in a majority of the examinations, no micro-organisms were to be found in the conjunctival phlyctenulæ and recent corneal infiltrations. See Axenfeld (C. B. xxiv, 194). Beri-beri. Regarding this important tropical disease, the literature contains the most heterogeneous statements. The cause of the disease is recognized by Musso and Morelli (Compt. rend. de la Soc. de Biolog., 1893, 18) in an organism which is very closely related to the Micr. pyogenes a aureus; by Hunter, in agreement with Pekelharing and Winkler, in a white, motile staphylococcus (C. B. XXIV, 537). Besides, there are those who conceive of beri-beri as a chronic intoxication (from sea animals), and place it in the same class with pellagra, etc. See Grimm (C. B. XXIV, 538). Articular Rheumatism. While some authors believe articular rheumatism is due to the Micrococcus pyogenes (see p. 184), Bannatyne, Wohlmann, and Blaxall (C. B. xx, 400) believe they have found its cause in a short, fine bacillus (2 μ long, 0.6 thick) which usually stains at the ends (eighteen positive cases!). In bouillon it slowly grows as small, fine puncta and crumbly particles. From the bouillon scanty growths upon agar and Löffler's serum may be obtained. According to the English writers, the organism is constantly found in the joint fluid; more rarely, and only in severe cases, in the blood. Leyden has found in five cases of endocarditis (C. B. XIX, 722) a fine diplococcus which can hardly be cultivated at all, and which may possibly be the cause of the disease. Hospital Gangrene. Vincent (A. P., 1896, 488) observed in Arabs, who were infected in Madagascar, in the typical cutaneous ulcers, very abundant, straight, rarely slightly bent, non-sporulating bacteria which do not stain by Gram's method. sections it is easily demonstrated in the characteristic loca In tion. The organisms lie below the characteristic pseudomembrane in abundance. For their demonstration the organs are first hardened in concentrated sublimate solution, then in alcohols of increasing strengths. The sections are stained ten minutes in cold phenolthionin solution, placed in alcoholic solution of iodin a few seconds (0.01 iodin in 200 alcohol), washed with alcohol, and finally counterstained with safranin. The inoculation of animals was successful only when streptococci, B. coli, pyocyaneum, etc., were also inoculated with the special bacterium. The organism appears strikingly similar to those found in stomatitis ulcerosa (see below). Also sometimes abundant spirochætæ are found in hospital gangrene. Pneumonia in Cattle. (Péripneumonie des bovidées.) It does not lie within the scope of this book to speak of the cause of this disease in detail, while, on account of its extreme minuteness, nothing definite can be said of its form even when magnified two thousand times. The cultivation was primarily successful when small, thin, collodion sacs, containing bouillon and a trace of the fluid from the lung of a sick animal, were placed in the abdominal cavities of living guinea-pigs. After fifteen to twenty days the sacs were removed, and the fluid was found very slightly cloudy because of the above-mentioned, most minute, motile objects. By means of the organisms which have been transplanted repeatedly upon artificial nutrient media, cattle may be infected in the characteristic manner, and the organism again be cultivated in vitro in peptone solution to which a few drops of serum have been added. (See Nocard and Roux, Annales de l'Inst. Pasteur, 1898, 240.) Measles. Canon and Pielicke (C. B. XIV, 287) claim to have found constantly in fourteen cases of measles a bacterium which is most variable in size (very minute to 3.4 μ), and which stains interruptedly with a mixture of 80 c.c. of saturated aqueous solution of methylene-blue and 20 c. c. of 0.25% eosin solution (in 70% alcohol) after three hours at incubator temperature. Only from the sixth day of the disease on, are the organisms found in preparations, which does not bespeak an etiologic significance for them. Still, the discoverers consider this organism, which does not stain by Gram's method, and cannot be cultivated (only upon blood-bouillon many times a slight growth appears), to be the cause of measles. Recently Czajkowski (C. B. xvIII, 517) has found similar organisms in the blood, which he has portrayed and cultivated upon glycerin-agar, but especially upon bloodglycerin-agar. The growth is delicate, scanty, and like dewdrops. The organism is pathogenic for mice. motile and is not stained by Gram's method. Mouth and Foot Disease. It is In opposition to numerous defective investigations which have recognized the cause of this disease in most variable sized and sometimes easily cultivated fission-fungi (compare Stutzer and Hartleb, A. H., 1897, 372), Löffler and Frosch have determined that the cause of the foot and mouth disease is indeed present in the contents of the mouth and foot vesicles, but that it is so minute that it passes through dense bacterial filters and is invisible with the best microscopes. Only after repeated filtration through the densest filters does the lymph lose its infectious properties (C. B. XXIII, 371). Myxoma Disease. The cause is so far unrecognizable. The disease occurred spontaneously in Sanarelli's rabbits in Montevideo. It manifests itself in conjunctival catarrh, leonine swelling of mouth and nose, inflammatory swelling of the urinary and genital organs and buttocks, especially in hyperplastic changes at the places where the skin and mucous membranes join. Also, myxomatous or gelatinous subcutaneous swellings which are very vascular are found in various parts of the body. In most animals dying from the subacute disease the postmortem reveals hypertrophy of the lymph glands, orchitis, and swelling of the spleen. The |