AGGRESSIVE TENDENCIES DISCLAIMED 243 securing equal opportunities in those countries for the commerce and industry of all nations, hereby agree as follows: Art. I.-The high contracting parties, having mutually recognized the independence of China and of Korea, declare themselves to be entirely uninfluenced by any aggressive tendencies in either country. Having in view, however, their special interests, of which those of Great Britain relate principally to China, while Japan, in addition to the interests which she possesses in China, is interested in a peculiar degree politically, as well as commercially and industrially, in Korea, the high contracting parties recognize that it will be admissible for either of them to take such measures as may be indispensable in order to safeguard those interests if threatened either by the aggressive action of any other power, or by disturbances arising in China or Korea, and necessitating the intervention of either of the high contracting parties for the protection of the lives and property of its subjects. Art. II. If either Great Britain or Japan, in the defense of their respective interests as above described, should become involved in war with another power, the other high contracting party will maintain a strict neutrality, and use its efforts to prevent other powers from joining in hostilities against its ally. Art. III.-If in the above event any other power or powers should join in hostilities against that ally, the other high contracting party will come to its assistance and will conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual agreement with it. Art. IV. The high contracting parties agree that neither of them will, without consulting the other, enter into separate arrangements with another power to the prejudice of the interests above described. Art. V. Whenever, in the opinion of either Great Britain or Japan, the above-mentioned interests are in jeopardy, the two Governments will communicate with one another fully and frankly. Art. VI. The present agreement shall come into effect immediately after the date of its signature, and remain in force for five years from that date. In case neither of the high contracting parties should have notified twelve months before the expiration of the said five years the intention of terminating it, it shall remain binding until the expiration of one year from the day on which either of the high contracting parties shall have denounced it. But if, when the date fixed for its expiration arrives, either ally is actually engaged in war, the alliance shall, ipso facto, continue until peace is concluded. In faith whereof the undersigned, duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this agreement, and have affixed thereto their seals. Done in duplicate at London the 30th January, 1902. 2. AGREEMENT BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN RELATIVE TO EASTERN ASIA (CHINA AND KOREA) AND INDIA, SIGNED AT LONDON, AUGUST 12, 1905.1 The following provisions appeared in the revision of August 12, 1905, which otherwise was identic with the preamble, Arts. I, II, III, V and VI of the revision of 1911: Art. III.-Japan possessing paramount political, military and economic interests in Korea, Great Britain recognizes the right of Japan to take such measures of guidance, control and protection in Korea as she may deem proper and necessary to safeguard and advance those interests, provided always that such measures are not contrary to the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of all nations. Art. IV. Great Britain having a special interest in all that concerns the security of the Indian frontier, Japan recognizes her right to take such measures in the proximity of that frontier as she may find necessary for safeguarding her Indian possessions. Art. VI. As regards the present war between Japan and Russia, Great Britain will continue to maintain strict neutrality unless some other power or powers should join in hostilities against Japan, in which case Great Britain will come to the assistance of Japan, and will conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual agreement with Japan. 198 British and Foreign State Papers, 136-138, Nouveau recueil général de traités, ze série, XXXV, 403-405; American Journal of International Law, Supplement, I, 15-17; Foreign Relations of the United States, 1905, 288. A dispatch forwarding a copy of the agreement to the British ambassador at Tokyo dated September 6, 1905, is printed, 98 British and Foreign State Papers, 138-140; Nouveau recueil général de traités, ze série, XXXV, 402-3. PRESENT FORM OF ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE 245 3. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND JAPAN RESPECTING RIGHTS AND INTERESTS IN EASTERN ASIA AND INDIA SIGNED AT LONDON, JULY 13, 1911.1 PREAMBLE. The Government of Great Britain and the Government of Japan, having in view the important changes which have taken place in the situation since the conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese agreement of the 12th August, 1905, and believing that a revision of that agreement responding to such changes would contribute to general stability and repose, have agreed upon the following stipulations to replace the agreement above mentioned, such stipulations having the same object as the said agreement, namely: (a) The consolidation and maintenance of the general peace in the regions of Eastern Asia and of India; (b) The preservation of the common interests of all Powers in China by insuring the independence and integrity of the Chinese Empire and the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of all nations in China; (c) The maintenance of the territorial rights of the High Contracting Parties in the regions of Eastern Asia and of India, and the defense of their special interests in the said regions: Article I-It is agreed that whenever, in the opinion of either Great Britain or Japan, any of the rights and interests referred to in the preamble of this agreement are in jeopardy, the two Governments will communicate with one another fully and frankly, and will consider in common the measures which should be taken to safeguard those menaced rights or interests. Art. II-If by reason of unprovoked attack or aggressive action, wherever arising, on the part of any Power or Powers, either High Contracting Party should be involved in war in defense of its territorial rights or special interests mentioned in the preamble of this agreement, the other High Contracting Party will at once come to the assistance of its ally, and will conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual agreement with it. Art. III-The High Contracting Parties agree that neither of them will, without consulting the other, enter into separate arrangements with 104 British and Foreign State Papers, 173-174; Nouveau recueil général de traités, ze série, V, 3-4; American Journal of International Law, Supplement, V, 276-278; Treaty Series, No. 18, 1911. another Power to the prejudice of the objects described in the preamble of this agreement. Art. IV-Should either High Contracting Party conclude a treaty of general arbitration with a third Power, it is agreed that nothing in this agreement shall entail upon such Contracting Party an obligation to go to war with the Power with whom such treaty of arbitration is in force. Art. V-The conditions under which armed assistance shall be afforded by either Power to the other in the circumstances mentioned in the present agreement, and the means by which such assistance is to be made available, will be arranged by the naval and military authorities of the High Contracting Parties, who will from time to time consult one another fully and freely upon all questions of mutual interest. Art. VI-The present agreement shall come into effect immediately after the date of its signature, and remain in force for ten years from that date. In case neither of the High Contracting Parties should have notified twelve months before the expiration of the said ten years the intention of terminating it, it shall remain binding until the expiration of one year from the day on which either of the High Contracting Parties shall have denounced it. But if, when the date fixed for its expiration arrives, either ally is actually engaged in war, the alliance shall, ipso facto, continue until peace is concluded. In faith whereof the undersigned, duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this agreement, and have affixed thereto their seals. Done in duplicate at London, the 13th day of July, 1911. E. GREY, His Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. ТАКААКІ КАТО, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan at the Court of St. James. OLDEST ALLIANCE IN EXISTENCE 247 V. ANGLO-PORTUGUESE ALLIANCE. The Anglo-Portuguese alliance, the oldest instance of political co-operation in the world and the longest-existing alliance in history, has been continuously effective since 1373 and at the present writing is 545 years old. Of the various treaties constituting it those portions which indicate the limits of the alliance are printed below: I. TREATY OF PEACE, FRIENDSHIP AND ALLIANCE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND PORTUGAL, SIGNED AT LONDON, JUNE 16, 1373.1 Whereas the Fidalgo John Ferdinand de Andeiro, of the Army, and the venerable and discreet Senhor Velasco Domingo, Precentor of the Cathedral of Braga, deputed by the Illustrious and Magnificent Prince the Lord Ferdinand, by the grace of God King of Portugal and Algarve, and by the Most Illustrious Lady Eleanor, Queen and Consort of the same, did, some time ago, come personally, as ambassadors, proctors, and special messengers, to the presence of the above-mentioned Lord our King, in order to manifest the alliances, unions, confederacies and leagues of pure affection reciprocally entered into, contracted and ordained, between the said King of Portugal and the Queen, and the Illustrious and Magnificent Prince, the Lord John, by the grace of God King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, the very dear Son of our said Lord the King of England, and the sentiments of sincere affection derived not only thence but from the bonds of near consanguinity and ancient friendship between them and their ancestors, of revered memory, which affection the said King and Queen of Portugal had cherished, and would ever cherish, from their hearts, as well toward the person of the said Lord our King, as toward his Sons and rights, and to their subjects, ardently wishing their welfare and honor, and desirous to make a firm stand against the malice of their enemies, and the fraudulent machinations and designs wickedly conceived against the aforesaid King our Lord, and against his sons, realm, dominions, lands and subjects, as also cordially solicitous to enter into, contract and agree upon amities, alliances, unions, good confederacies and leagues of pure love, with our Lord the King, and with his first-born Son, the Lord Edward, 'I British and Foreign State Papers, Part 1, 462-466. For the original Latin and Portuguese texts sec Rymer's Foedera, VII, 15, and ibid. (Hague edition), III, Part 2, 8. The English full powers were dated June 1, 1373, and are printed in Rymer's Foedera, VII, 11. |