colliery, not the least of which was the draining of an underground lake to make some of the veins of coal more accessible, the mine having been flooded for years in an effort to extinguish a fire which has been burning for a decade.

The ruthless axe has been wielded in Penn's Forest until the lumber is nearly all gone through wasteful extravagance. No thought was taken that the dense woods would be exhausted until the end came. Now Pennsylvania are aroused and tree planting has again taken hold of its citizens. The State has created a Forestry Commission, and it has bought 800,000 acres of land on which trees are being planted, making them state reservations. By the time the timber is merchantable its anthracite will be exhausted in some of the counties where mining is now most active.

When the bank panic struck the country, in the fall of 1907, there was no let up in business in these anthracite counties. The companies paid wages when due, and did not have to resort to unusual methods to delay payment. The banks received and paid out money as if nothing had happened to disturb the financial world and hard times have left no impress on the hard coal region.

Bituminous, or soft coal, is another natural resource from which our state derives a handsome revenue. Underlying the soil of counties in the middle and the western parts of the state is found bituminous coal, and which furnished to the commercial world last year 149,390,965 net tons, having a value of $174,035,853, giving employment to 175,271 wage earners who received $105,760,578 in wages. The coal in the western counties is the most valuable, as it is nearly all coked. The active coke ovens last year numbered 45,912.

Overlying the coal in the middle counties there is a strata of clay which is mined in conjunction with the coal, from which is manufactured fire brick, paving brick, building brick, tiling, terra. cotta sewer pipe, etc. In the total value of these products Pennsylvania leads, having a valuation of $16,713,606. Also, in some of the bituminous counties is found Ganister which is mixed with clay for lining Bessemer converters.

Another natural resource that the state possesses is cement, and the development of this industry has grown very rapidly. In 1901 the Bureau found the manufactured product to be 7,955,669 barrels, but in 1907 the output amounted to 21,451,495 barrels, having a value of $20,109,463, giving employment to 11,052 people who earned $5,349,128. This calcined limestone deposit in large quantities is found in several counties of the eastern part of the state. There seems to be a great future for this product, as it is taking the place

of lumber and stone for bridges, buildings, tunnels, canal construction and other uses as a substitute for stone.

As to the manufactured products, iron and steel stand foremost and the growth has been wonderful. The Bureau has taken a yearly census of these industries since 1896, and the comparisons show how they have more than kept pace with the development of the country. To support this contention it will be necessary to take a few figures from the forthcoming report:

In 1896 the furnaces had an autput of 4,026,350 gross tons of pig iron, with a value of $45,172,039; and in 1907 the total gross tons were 11,311,985, at a market value of $206,443,155, employing 18,950 people that earned $12,675,001.

Coming to the iron and steel production, i. e. iron and steel rolled into finished form, in 1896 our report gives 3,837,379 gross tonnage, while in 1907 the rolling mills produced 12,953,047 gross tons; and the steel plants make a basic product of 12,089,614 gross tons; this went into the rolled product but must be shown to account for the labor and wages on it. The market value of the tonnage amounted to $504,167,225, employing 137,712 people, who earned $91,413,384. Over one-half of this product, or 52 per cent., was manufactured in one county, Allegheny.

The tin plate industry continues to be a most important one. Last year from data gathered, the report will show that the production was 633,902,496 pounds, having a value of $22,980,589, employing 7,365 people, earning $5,319,694. These tin plate mills are located in the western part of the state, and in conjunction with the steel mills.

The textile industry centres in Philadelphia and the Bureau finds therein 638 factories in operation, giving employment to 25,974 males, 31,246 females and 5,071 minors; total wages earned amounting to $26,778,585, and realized value for product $130,503,116.

The manufacture of silk is taking its place as one of the state's leading industries. Twenty years ago one could count the silk mills on his fingers, but now there are in operation 151 silk weaving and throwing mills scattered throughout the state, more particularly in the coal producing counties, where the families are large and female help can be secured. Last year these mills employed 7,045 males, 14,123 females and 4,185 minors who received $8,777,970 for their labor. The value of the product amounted to $52,780,830.

Blasting powder and dynamite is another industry to which attention is called. This industry is largely dependent on the mining of coal. 21 powder mills manufactured 84,569,274 pounds, having a value of $4,965,077.

Strikes and lockouts,

Wage scale as adopted,

Coal tar products, paints and oils,

Coke,

Coke, labor supplement,

Communication,

Comparison of food prices,

Operations without coke ovens,

Operations without coke ovens, production by counties,

Total production,

93

99

100,105

116

114

211,212

106

107

1

19

Cordage, rope and twine,

160,161

Corks,

162,183

Cost of living,

Cost of living, comparative table,

Cost of living, report of commission,

Cotton goods (exclusive of Philadelphia),

Cotton goods (Philadelphia),

Couches, metallic beds and bedding,

Crushed stone and cement building blocks,

Curled hair and glue,

Curtains, lace (Philadelphia),

D.

Draperies and lace goods (exclusive of Philadelphia),

Drapery and upholstery goods (Philadelphia),

Dyers, bleachers and finishers (Philadelphia),

Dynamite, powder and high explosives,

E.

Edge tools, gas stoves, iron and steel specialties,

Electric apparatus and lamps,

Electrical specialties,

Emery and water wheels,

Engines, stationary, and locomotives,

Establishments, manufacturing, in Pennsylvania,

Exhibit of manufacturing statistics,

F.

Farm animals,

Farm products, Pennsylvania,

Farm wages,

Flannels,

Forgings and chains,

Fruit interests,

G.

Galvanized ware and tin cans,

250,251

Gas, gasoline and steam engines and oil well supplies,