This method has been tried on various kinds of soils. The soil that is the most porous is the best non-conductor of heat and reflects the heat back on the stump. Sand is a conductor of heat. With sandy soil, an artificial covering of clay as a binder or coal cinders can be used.

By the color of the smoke one can tell clear across a field which stumps need immediate attention. White smoke indicates that the fire is burning as it should. Blue smoke usually means that the fire needs more covering. If the fire is kept. burning fast enough by allowing enough air to reach it, there will be no large quantity of charcoal left; nearly all of it will be consumed. Close covering means less air and slower burning and therefore more charcoal. If covered too much, the fire will be smothered.

It is not necessary to use oil in dry weather. If it is used, the kind used on locomotives and steamboats can be obtained at the rate of ninety cents per barrel, if bought in large quantities by a grange or commercial club. Kerosene oil should not be used, as it burns too rapidly.

Fire burns out the stump for the same reason that air circulates through a tunnel. If the air outside is cooler than in the tunnel, it goes in at the bottom and circulates through it. In burning stumps the air enters at the bottom. When heated, it rises and filters out at the top through the covering.

Chehalis reports stumps eighteen to to forty-eight inches in diameter destroyed in from five to fifteen days. One man, with the help of two boys, in nine weeks took out 603

teen acres and did his farm work besides. Large numbers of small stumps less than twelve to fifteen inches in diameter can be removed more quickly with horse and capstan. In the worst red sand soil, with two assistants and a team, Professor Sparks fired eighteen stumps in one day. Of these eighteen fifteen were burning the next morning. The others had been put out by a heavy rain. Of one hundred he fired in September in shot clay soil in dry weather, only three had to be refired.

He attended to one hundred stumps in half an hour, after they had been fired.

So one person could attend to several hundred or more in a day. Stumps should be fired in the morning. They should be inspected twice a day, morning and evening, and the covering replenished when necessary. In direct contact with the air, the coals soon break into flame and a large amount of heat is lost. The tops of the stumps finally fall over and are then gathered into heaps and burned. The attendant must keep putting earth around the tops so that when they fall over, the fire will not be exposed. Roots that are above ground must also be covered to a depth of several inches. The fire will follow along them underground way below plowing depth and destroy them.

Two advantages this method has over other methods: there is no big hole left to be filled up nor remnants of roots to be grubbed out, as is the case when powder is used; and the char-pit process fertilizes the soil. The places where stumps formerly stood are indicated in a field of grass or grain by a heavier yield that is apparent at a glance.

Near Chehalis Professor Sparks and an assistant took out one hundred stumps that averaged forty-six inches in diameter for something like forty cents apiece. They kept account of the time they spent at the work and charged twenty-five cents an hour. Mr. Yount at Woodland took out some of average size for thirty-five cents apiece with the same charge of twenty-five cents an hour made for his time. In one case at Woodland where the prevailing wind favored the work a man removed the stumps from a field at a cost of twenty-five cents apiece. Mr. J. W. McCutcheon, at Adna, near Chehalis, paid two dollars a day for labor and removed two hundred stumps at a cost of thirty-five cents apiece.

Where stumps are numerous and of average size, it has heretofore in the Northwest cost $100 to $125 per acre to clear the land, and, where the stumps are three and one-half to six feet in diameter, even more. To remove stumps of average size by the char-pit method costs $14 to $20 an acre and occasionally even less.

the hauling. The arch for the water to pass through is 4 feet 2 inches in the clear in width and 5 feet 4 inches high, 12 inches thick, and rests on a solid base of concrete 6 feet 6 inches wide and 18 inches deep, all below the bed of the stream. The wings extend straight to the banks at right angles with the arch, making a roadway 14 feet wide, on a level with the stream's banks. The wings are 8 inches thick and are 32 feet long at the top, sloping in somewhat as they reach the level of the base, and go down to the level of the bottom of the base. The space between, and covering, the arch is filled with dirt, well surfaced with a coat of fine gravel. Thirty-four tons of gravel were used and mixed with it were 66 sacks of cement of 100 pounds each. A machine mixer for two days with two hands cost $16.00. Other help cost $18.00; damage to lumber used, $5. The total cost was $80.

M

INNEAPOLIS is blazing a new trail. She has found out that no city that wants to be a clean city can neglect its garbage handling, and she has gone to work to set a pace for the rest of us. The real beauty of it, too, is that she has solved the garbage problem-or more nearly solved it than has anybody else, up to date. She may be said to stand first in the list of cities in America in the solution of the sanitary disposal of refuse and other towns are sending delegations to inspect this garbage system. Winnipeg has already patterned after it.

The present method of collecting and disposing of garbage is due to the efforts of Dr. P. M. Hall, Commissioner of Health. Dr. Hall realized that popular methods in vogue in various places, such as dumping in land or water, pig feeding, and even incineration, did not entirely solve the problem of a clean garbage can or the utilization of the product. The handling of garbage should be a sanitary

operation through its various transfers from the dining room table to the kitchen sink and the garbage can and incinerator. Minneapolis thinks it has solved this problem in part by adopting a way so that the can in the alley will for once fail the fly as a free lunch counter, and it has also planned up-to-date measures in the final disposal of waste matter.

Nearly four years ago this campaign to handle garbage without nuisance was started and today it is pronounced an unqualified success. No more are there foul, maggoty garbage cans and all because a city ordinance provides that every housewife shall drain the garbage of all moisture and wrap it in a paper before putting it in the can. This not only insures a clean can but the spaces between the paper allow the air to circulate and keep the garbage from freezing and adhering to the can in cold seasons. In other words, heat, moisture, and the fly are all eliminated. Any kind of paper can be used but as a rule there is plenty of wrapping paper that comes.

around packages from the grocer and butcher, as well as old newspapers, that the housewife is glad to get rid of. That all this may be done properly the Board of Health issues a printed card of directions for the housewife and advises that it be hung in her kitchen.

But this is only an important introduction to the story of the garbage system which is being adopted by a large city as a unit. When the garbage man comes around to collect his quota

of an electric hoist and placed upon flat cars which convey them to the crematory or disposal plant. A train of several cars soon reaches the crematory just outside the city, where the boxes are lifted from the cars by an electric hoist and dumped directly into the fire. In other words, from the time the garbage is rolled in paper by the housewife until the ashes are taken from the fire of the disposal plant there is no necessity for the refuse to be handled by hand. As the paper used to wrap the packages is, as a rule, waste material, this, too, is disposed of and the sanitary condition of the cans and reduction in bulk of the waste, because drained, make the necessity for collection less frequent-a saving in money to the city.

Of course all ashes and rubbish that will not burn are placed in another can or barrel, and this with the garbage can takes care of all the waste material of the average household. But the package system is only a part of the garbage solution, for through the burning of this refuse enough steam is generated to operate all the machinery, and to heat and light the group of workhouse buildings, the superintendent's home, a tuberculosis hospital and two greenhouses. This service of heat and light is furnished to the city at a cost of eight mills per horse-power-equivalent to thirty pounds of water evaporated-for heat, and three cents per kilowatt for light. The cost of collection and disposal has been low, averaging less than twenty cents per capita to each citizen. This includes cost of collecting and handling

ashes and represents the gross cost without deducting anything for heat and light. It is the intention of the city to put near the crematory all hospitals for infectious diseases-one has already been started that they may be heated and lighted in this way. The time will soon come when with additional equipment part of the street lighting will be done. with the same plant.

In fact, the approved methods for collecting garbage in Minneapolis are no longer looked upon as a fad and house

MENTS FOR

GARBAGE WITHOUT
NUISANCE.

Drain Out Moisture: Use detachable sinkstrainer.

Wrap in Paper: Keeps garbage from heat and flies, prevents freezing and sticking to cans in winter. Use Metallic Cans: Noncorrosive metal, over-lap self-locking cover, and free from holes.

Use Painted Steel Wagon Boxes: Constructed water-tight and to be mechanically dumped.

No Dumping on Floors: Box mechanically elevated, and contents emptied into incinerator hopper without nuisance.

In-Draught at Hopper: Prevents escaping smoke and odors.

Mechanically Charged Incinerators: Eliminates the nuisance of exposed garbage and the emanation of foul odors..

Good Draught: Creates rapid combustion and high temperature, burning everything of obnoxious nature.

No Residue Left Over: Nothing to make a nuisance around the plantnothing left but ashes.