those showing interiors of vessels. A model of the transport Sherman seen from one side shows the ordinary exterior view. The other side shows the interior on the center line of the ship. Every detail is there and everything is carefully made to scale, from the chart. room and the cabins to the bunks for the troops, the coal in the bunkers, the machinery, cargo, and the quarters of beef in the cold storage room.

Models of the Iolanda, Mortimer F. Plant's yacht, and the Vanadis, owned by C. K. G. Billings, show the exterior on the port side, while on the starboard side the shell plating is removed to show the interior, from the luxurious furnishings in the cabin to the boilers and engines. The quadruple expansion en

not to be had whenever needed; they have to be trained to the work. As the demand for models fluctuates and as it would not do to lay off these trained specialists lest they might not be found when needed, general machine work of the higher grade is taken in to keep the plant going.

Unless it is desired to show the details of its construction the hull of the marine model is carved out of a solid mass of wood. This is not one piece as it grew in the tree, for that would warp and check and be utterly worthless, but a builtup block of one-inch or half-inch boards accurately fitted and glued together. The exterior is first shaped up to the proper lines, then the interior is hollowed out as much as may be required. Finally

gines of the Vanadis, which, of course, are accurately built to scale, are five inches long by four inches high. Every bolt head, oil cup and other detail is there in its proper proportions and the whole is beautifully finished. It took one man six weeks to build the engines.

Some of the details of a marine model are very small. Just to give an idea of them it may be said that they include turnbuckles with right and left hand threads that work just as well as the fullsized ones, yet are only half an inch long over all. Cleats three-eighths of an inch. long and blocks one-sixteenth of an inch long may be found. For cordage Japanese grass line, which is not only extremely strong but is twisted in exact imitation of ordinary rope, is used.

Watchmaker's work seems crude when compared with the delicate nicety of skill required in the model-maker. Men competent to build the tiny engines and do the other metal work get from $4.50 to $4.75 a day, while ordinary machinists are glad to get $3 a day. The woodworkers are equally well paid. Model-makers are

the superstructure and top hamper are put on. For the superstructure, the English model-makers use thin strips from a single board. This material will not stand rough usage nor changes of climate but soon warps and splits so that the models find their way to Mr. Boucher's dry docks where the worthless material is replaced by sheets of wood built up by gluing half-inch strips together. This built-up lumber never warps nor checks and it will stand remarkably rough usage for such frail material.

When the model is intended to show the structure of the hull a section, usually amidship, will generally suffice. In this case bits of metal and wood finished exactly to scale are put together precisely as the larger pieces go in the full-sized ship. ship. The work is done directly from the naval architect's drawings, which are on a scale of a quarter of an inch to the foot. If a craft is already in existence a model may be made from photographs of it. The scale is obtained from the photographs by laying a number of rods divided into inches alternately black and

white, wherever measurements are required. No matter how the camera may be placed the correct measures show in the photograph.

Marine models are costly luxuries. A model of a fifty-foot sloop, if made to the conventional scale, would cost $300. The model of the Iolanda, seven feet long, cost $5,000.

Mr. Boucher has views on the subject of models and education that are worth hearing. "My bent for model-making," said he, "may be due in some degree to the fact that my father never would give me any toys. But as he willingly supplied me with tools and materials I never lacked playthings. I have often thought it would be a great blessing if other boys were treated the same way. Girls are well provided for. They are given toy houses, all sorts of toy furniture, dolls,

dolls' clothing, needles and thread and everything else that will familiarize them with housework from their earliest infancy. But the poor boy is given a ball and bat and turned out into the street. Balls and bats may be very well in their way, but they certainly are not prolific in ideas. Boys should be taught to shift for themselves in the matter of amusement as soon as they are able to handle tools.

"We need a nautical museum, or rather a good many of them. We used to be considered a maritime nation. Whether we ever were or not, we have gotten bravely over it now. The greater part of our population is too far from salt water to know anything about maritime. commerce, and not knowing, they care nothing about it. They never can be educated up to a due appreciation of our

marine interests and opportunities through the newspapers nor by pictures. They must see the ships, either by journeying to the ocean, or by sending the ships in miniature to them. A good model discounts everything else as a means of instruction."

Although architects on land and sea are the principal users of models they by no means exhaust the list. A recently developed use for models, which is rapidly extending, is in selling goods. Some manufacturers of special machinery employ no salesmen. When an inquiry for a machine is received a working model is sent. This tells its own story more convincingly than the most eloquent words. The inquirer returns the model with his order, whereupon it goes to the next prospective customer. Express charges on the "silent salesman' are cheaper than railroad fares for the more loquacious kind, and there are no hotel bills to pay.

Often, though, the silent salesman goes along with the ordinary kind to help him out. The salesmen's models cover a curiously wide range. Perhaps the model may be nothing more than the working part of a rock crusher about the size of an ordinary fruit cake cut in half to show some special feature, which can be carried in a grip or a sample case. Or it may be a working sectional model

of a valve movement the size of a postal card and a quarter of an inch thick, including the glass cover, which can be carried in the pocket. Mr. Boucher has made several working models of boilers of glass with alcohol lamps in the furnaces, in which the whole process of generating steam may be seen. These glass boilers will safely carry a pressure of twenty pounds to the square inch.

Real estate salesmen in England not infrequently use models of properties to effect sales. This is too expensive a method, though, except in the case of costly mansions. But one instance is known in which an American real estate man used a model. In this case the interior as well as the exterior was shown, the top being removable. Enterprising manufacturers who support city salesrooms sometimes have models of their plants made for exhibition in the show windows. This class of models, together with relief maps such as are shown at expositions, is regarded as "cheap work" and as such is rather looked down upon by the leading modelers.

Models of street corners, roadways, bridges, buildings and the like are often used in litigation in English courts, for they make clear to a jury as nothing else can the locale of an accident or a crime. But in American courts models have rarely been used.

G

ENERAL LUIS TERRAZAS, who is said to be the wealthiest man in Mexico, rules over a princely domain. While his land and livestock interests form a considerable part of his fortune he also possesses much other property. His wealth has been estimated as high as $150,000,000 gold, but it is probably very much less than that sum. He owns many millions of acres of land in the state of Chihuahua, upon which almost countless numbers of cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock contentedly graze. His several ranches are cut up into large pastures some of which are of themselves from one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand acres in area. It has been stated that General Terrazas owns twothirds of the buildings in the city of Chihuahua. He has enormous investments in banks, in railroads, in manufacturing establishments and various other profitmaking industries.

While General Terrazas' business in

MEXICO

terests are varied and widely scattered they are all under his personal control, in spite of the fact that he is eighty years old. He takes the keenest pleasure in looking after his ranches and farms. For many years he has been the foremost man in Mexico in improving the breed of his cattle and other livestock. He has imported many thoroughbred animals from the United States and placed them upon his ranches. Of late years he has also given considerable attention to scientific farming. His ranches are situated in an arid part of the country and irrigation is necessary in order to raise crops with much degree of success.

This remarkable man is essentially self-made. He was born in the city of Chihuahua where he has made his home during his whole lifetime. In spite of his childhood poverty and disadvantages he managed to obtain a fair education. From the early days of his youth he has held to the belief that education was the great uplifting power of the people of Mexico. So strongly was he imbued