New Hampshire was settled at Dover, in 1623, by English Puritans, and continued under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until September 18, 1679, when a separate charter was granted. It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Constitution June 21, 1788; its State Constitution was framed January 5, 1776, and amended in 1784 and 1792. Area 9,280 square miles, or 5,939,200 acres. Population, in 1860, 326,073. It is a grazing and manufacturing State. All male citizens, except paupers, are allowed to vote.

New Jersey was settled at Bergen, in 1624, by the Dutch and Danes; was conquered by the Dutch in 1655, and submitted to the English in 1664, being held thereafter under the same grants as New York, until it was surrendered to the Crown in 1702. It was one of the original thirteen States, adopted a State Constitution July 2, 1776, and ratified the United States Constitution December 18, 1787. Area 8,320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres. Population, in 1860, 672,035. It is a grain and fruit growing region, its orchard and market products being relatively greater than those of any other State. A residence of one year in the State gives the right to vote, except to paupers, &c.

New York was settled at Manhattan, in 1614, by the Dutch; was ceded to the English by grants to the Duke of York, March 20, April 26, and June 24, 1664; was retaken by the Dutch in 1673, and surrendered again by them to the English, February 9, 1674. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratified the United States Constitution July 26, 1788; framed a Constitution April 20, 1777, which was amended October 27, 1801, and November 10, 1821; a new one was adopted November 3, 1846. Area 47,000 square miles, or 30,080,000 acres. Population, in 1865, 3,831,777. It is the most populous, wealthy and commercial of the States. White male citizens of the United States, who have resided in the State one year, in the county four months, and election district thirty days, are entitled to vote, and all men of color who have resided in the State three years, and own and pay taxes on a freehold assessed at $250.

North Carolina was settled at Albemarle, in 1650, by the English, and was chartered March 20, 1663. It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Constitution November 21, 1789; its State Constitution was adopted, December 18, 1776, and amended in 1835. Area 50,704 square miles, or 32,450,560 acres. Population, in 1860, 992,622, of whom 331,059 were slaves. It is an agricultural State, with some mines and extensive pine forests. Every freeman of 21 years of age, having resided one year in any county in the State, may vote for a member of the House of Commons, but must own fifty acres of land to vote for a Senator. A State convention passed an ordinance of secession May 21, 1861. An election for delegates to a State Convention took place September 21, 1865. The Convention assembled October 2. On the 2d of October it passed an ordinance forever prohibiting slavery. The Legislature ratified the Constitutional amendment December 1. An election was held on the first Thursday of November, for Governor, Members of Congress and the Legislature.

Ohio was settled at Marietta, in 1788, by emigrants from Virginia and New England; was ceded by Virginia to the United States October 20, 1783; accepted by the latter March 1, 1784, and admitted into the Union April 30, 1802 Area 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres. Population in 1860, 2,339,511. It is the most populous and wealthy of the agricultural States, devoted principally to wool growing, grain and live stock. A male of 21 years of age, who has resided in the State one year, and has paid or been charged with a State or county tax, is eligible to vote.

Oregon, although it had previously been seen by various navigators, was first taken possession of by Capt. Robert Gray, who entered the mouth of its principal river May 7, 1792, naming it after his vessel, the Columbia, of Boston. Exploring expeditions soon followed, and fur companies sent their trappers and traders into the region. In 1811 a trading post was established at the mouth of the Columbia river by the American Fur Company, who named it Astoria. For some time a Provisional Territorial Government existed, but the boundary remained unsettled until the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, when the 49th parallel was adopted. It was formally organized as a Territory August 14, 1848; was divided March 2, 1853, on the 46th parallel, the northern portion being called Washington and the southern Oregon. November 9, 1857, a State Constitution was adopted, under which it was admitted February 14, 1859, about one-third of it on the east being added to Washington Territory, its northern boundary following the Columbia river until its intersection with latitude 46° north. Area 102,606 square miles, or 65,667,840 acres. Population in 1860, 52,465. It is an agricultural State, possessed of a fertile soil, extensive pastures, genial climate, and is well wooded. Gold and other precious metals are found in considerable abundance.

Pennsylvania was settled at Philadelphia, in 1681, by English Quakers, and was chartered February 28 of the same year. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratifying the United States Constitution December 12, 1787; adopted a State Constitution September 28, 1776, and amended it September 2, 1790. Area 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,000 acres. Population, in 1860, 2,906,115. It is the second State in wealth and population, and the principal coal and iron mining region in the Union. Residence in the State one year, and ten days in the election district, with payment of a State or county tax assessed ten days prior to an election, gives the right to vote, except that citizens between 21 and 22 years of age need not have paid the tax.

Rhode Island was settled at Providence in 1636, by the English from Massachusetts, under Roger Williams. It was under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until July 8, 1662, when a separate charter was granted, which continued in force until the formation of a Constitution in September, 1842. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratifying the United States Constitution, May 29, 1790. Area 1,306 square miles, or 835,840 acres. Population, in 1860, 174,620. It is largely engaged in manufactures. A freehold possession of $13; or, if in reversion, renting for $7, together with a residence of one year in the State and six months in the town; or, if no freehold, then a residence of two years in the State and six months in the town, and payment of $1 tax or military service instead, are the qualifications of voters.

South Carolina was settled at Port Royal, in 1670, by the English, and continued under the charter of Carolina, or North Carolina, until they were separated in 1729. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratifying the United States Constitution May 23, 1798; it framed a State Constitution March 26, 1776, which was amended March 19, 1778, and June 3, 1790. Area 29,385 square miles, or 18,806,400 acres. Population, in 1860, 703,708, of whom 402,406 were slaves, an excess of 101,270 over the whites. It is the principal rice growing State. Whites, who have resided in the State two years and district six months, and have a freehold of fifty acres of land, or have paid a State tax, are entitled to vote. December 17, 1860, a Convention assembled in Columbia, adjourned to Charleston, and on the 24th unanimously adopted an ordinance of secession, which was followed the next day by a Declaration of Causes claimed to be sufficient to

justify the act. An election for delegates to a State Convention was held September 4, 1865. The Convention assembled September 13, and adjourned on the 28th. It repealed the ordinance of secession, abolished slavery, equalized the representation of the Senate and taxation throughout the State, giving the election of Governor and Presidential electors to the people, ordered voting in the Legislature by viva voce, indorsed the Administration unanimously, and directed a commission to submit a code to the Legislature for the protection of the colored population. The Legislature ratified the Constitutional Amendment November 13, 1865.

Tennessee was settled at Fort Donelson, in 1756, by emigrants from Virginia and North Carolina; was ceded to the United States by North Carolina December, 1789, conveyed by the Senators of that State February 25, 1790, and accepted by act of Congress April 2 of the same year; it adopted a Constitution February 6, 1796, and was admitted into the Union the 1st of June following. Area 45,600 square miles, or 29,184,000 acres. Population, in 1860, 1,109,601, of whom 275,179 were slaves. It is a mining and agricultural State, and is largely productive of live stock. Citizens of the United States who have resided six months in the county are entitled to vote. A military league was formed between the Governor, Isham G. Harris, and the Rebel States May 7, 1861, ratified the same day by the Senate by a vote of 14 to 6, and a Declaration of Independence submitted to the people, the election to be held June 8, the result of which was declared by the Governor, June 24, to be 104,913 for, and 47,238 against. This movement not being acceptable to the people of East Tennessee, which had declared against separation by a vote of 32,923 to 14,780, they, in a Convention held at Greenville, June 18-21, repudiated it. Andrew Johnson, Provisional Governor of the State, called a State Convention to be held in Nashville the second Monday in January. Delegates were elected, the Convention met, declared slavery forever abolished, prohibited compensation to owners of slaves, and abrogated the secession ordinances. These amendments of the Constitution were submitted to the people 22d of February, 1865, with the following result: For ratification, 22,197; rejection, 63. The United States Constitutional Amendment was ratified April 5, 1865.

Texas was first settled at Bexar, in 1694, by Spaniards; formed a part of Mexico until 1836, when she revolted from that Republic and instituted a separate Government, under which she existed until admitted into the Union by a joint resolution approved March 1st, 1845, imposing certain conditions, which were accepted, and a Constitution formed July 4 of the same year, and another joint resolution adopted by Congress, consummating the annexation, was approved December 29, 1845. Área 237,504 square miles, or 152,002,500 acres. Population, in 1860, 604,215, of whom 182,566 were slaves. It is an agricultural region, principally devoted to grain, cotton and tropical fruits. Free white male citizens of 21 years of age, who have resided in the State one year and district six months are entitled to vote. A Convention assembled at Galveston January 28, 1861, and on February 1 passed an ordinance of secession by a vote of 166 to 7, to be submitted to the people February 23, and on March 4 they declared the State out of the Union, and Gov. Houston issued a Proclamation to that effect.

Vermont was settled in 1724, by Englishmen from Connecticut; chiefly under grants from New Hampshire; was formed from a part of the territory of New York, by act of its Legislature March 6, 1769; framed a Constitution December 25, 1777, and was admitted into the Union March 4, 1791, by virtue of an act of Congress passed February 18 of the same

year.

Area 10,212 square miles, or 6,535,680 acres. Population, in 1860, 315,098. It is a grazing region, producing more wool, live stock, maple sugar, butter, cheese and hay, in proportion to its population, than any other State. Any citizen of the United States who has resided in the State one year and will take the oath of allegiance is entitled to vote.

Virginia was settled at Jamestown, in 1607, by the English, and was chartered April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1612. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratifying the United States Constitution June 25, 1788; it framed a State Constitution July 5, 1776, which was amended January 15, 1830. The State was divided in 1863. Present area 37,352 square miles. Population, in 1860, 1,314,532, of whom 481,410 were slaves. It is a large corn producing, and the chief tobacco growing State. Every white male citizen of the age of 21 years, who has been a resident of the State for one year, and of the county, city or town where he offers to vote for six months next preceding an election, and has paid all taxes assessed to him, after the adoption of the Constitution, under the laws of the Commonwealth after the re-organization of the county, city or town where he offers to vote, is qualified to vote for members of the general assembly and all officers elective by the people. A Convention sitting in Richmond on the 17th of April, 1861, passed an ordinance of secession, by a vote of 88 to 55, which was submitted to the people at an election held May 23, the result of which was announced June 25 to be 128,824 for, and 32,134 against. The State Government was re-organized by a Convention which met in Wheeling, May 11, 1861. Upon the division of the State in 1863, the seat of Government was removed to Alexandria. A State Constitutional Convention, March 10, 1864, adopted a section abolishing slavery.

West Virginia.—On the passage of the ordinance of secession by the Virginia Convention, a Convention of the western and other loyal counties of the State was held at Wheeling, which assembled May 11, 1861, and on the 17th unanimously deposed the then State officers and organized a Provisional Government. On the 26th of November, 1861, a Convention representing the western counties assembled in Wheeling and framed a Constitution for West Virginia, which was submitted to the people on the 3d of May, 1862, and adopted by them by a nearly unanimous vote. The division of the State was sanctioned by the Legislature May 13, 1862, and ratified by Congress by an act approved December 31, 1862, conditioned on the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution providing for the gradual abolition of slavery, which was done on the 24th of March, 1863, by a vote of the qualified electors of the proposed State, 28,318 voting in favor of the amendment and 572 against it. In pursuance of the act of Congress, the President issued a Proclamation April 20, 1863, admitting the State sixty days from the date thereof, and on the 20th of June the new State Government was formally inaugurated. Area 24,000 square miles. Population, in 1860, 350,599, of whom 12,754 were slaves. It is a large corn producing State, and abounds in coal and other minerals. The Alexandria Legislature adopted the United States Constitutional Amendment February 9, 1865.

Wisconsin was settled at Green Bay, in 1669, by the French; was a part of the territory ceded by Virginia, and was set off from Michigan December 23, 1834, and organized into a Territory April 30, 1836. Iowa was set off from it June 12, 1838, and acts were passed at various times setting its boundaries. March 3, 1847, an act for its_admission into the Union was passed, to take effect on the issuing of a Proclamation by the President, and by act of May 29, 1848, it was admitted into the Union.

Area 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Population, in 1860, 775,881. It is an agricultural State, chiefly engaged in grain raising and wool growing. Both white and colored citizens of the United States, or white foreigners who have declared their intention to become citizens, are entitled to vote. Colored citizens were admitted to the franchise, by a decision of the Supreme Court, rendered the 27th day of March, 1866, holding that, whereas an election was held in 1849, under the provisions of chapter 137, of that year, at which election 5,265 votes were cast in favor of the extension of the right of suffrage to colored men, and 4,075 against such extension, therefore, the section of said law conferring such right had been constitutionally adopted and is the law of the land.

THE TERRITORIES,

THEIR BOUNDARIES, AREA, PHYSICAL FEATURES, ETC.

Arizona was organized by the Thirty-Seventh Congress, in the winter of 1863, out of the western half of New Mexico, the boundary between the two Territories being the 109th meridian (32d west from Washington,) and includes the greater portions of the valleys of Colorado and Gila, which two rivers drain its entire surface, with parts of Utah, New Mexico and Nevada, and yet convey, it is reported, a less volume of water to the sea than the Hudson at Albany. The fertile Messilla Valley was left with New Mexico. The Territory forms a block nearly square, and contains 126,141 square miles, or 80,730,240 acres. Its white population is probably considerably less than 10,000. For agricultural purposes it is probably the most worthless on the Continent, owing to the absence of rains, but it is reputed to abound in silver mines.

Colorado was organized March 2, 1861, from parts of Kansas, Nebraska and Utah, and is situated on each side of the Rocky Mountains, between latiude 37° and 41°, and longitude 25° and 32° west from Washington. Area 104,500 square miles, or 66,880,000 acres. Population 50,000, besides numerous tribes of Indians. By an enabling act passed March 21, 1864, the people of the Territory were authorized to frame a State constitution and organize a State Government, and a Convention accordingly met in 1865, and on the 12th of August adopted a Constitution, which was submitted to and adopted by the people September 5, and State officers elected November 14. A bill to admit the Territory as a State passed Congress, but was vetoed May 25, 1866. It is said to be a superior grazing and cattle producing region, with a healthy climate and rich soil; an extensive coal bed, and also gold, iron and other minerals abound.