law in their development amidst the congeries of law, morals, religion and custom in successive past epochs, is a huge and delicate task, which might well make the boldest historian halt." This task the author has performed so well that his work will be invaluable not only to students of the subject but to practical legislators who seek to draft codes that will remedy some of the glaring defects of American criminal procedure. J. P. LICHTENBERGER. University of Pennsylvania. BIGHAM, J. A. (Ed. by). Select Discussions of Race Problems: A Collection of Papers of Especial Use in Study of Negro American Problems, with the Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference for Study of Negro Problems held at Atlanta University, May 24, 1915. Pp. 108. Price, 50 cents. Atlanta: The Atlanta University Press, 1916. BONGER, WILLIAM ADRIAN. Criminality and Economic Conditions. (Trans. by Henry P. Orton.) Pp. xxix, 706. Price, $5.50. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1916. The author of this volume is probably correct in the assumption that the English-speaking countries have been influenced greatly by the work of the Italian School of Criminology and that the hereditary aspects of the subject have been overemphasized, but he is mistaken, we think, in his further assumption that his ideas about the ethology of crime will be unwelcomed by American scholars. On the contrary, any rational theory of causation appeals to the American mind and this masterful presentation of the economic factors of criminality will be accepted as a most valuable complement to the factors stressed by the Italian School. That which will be called in question is the contention that economic factors alone are sufficient to explain the phenomenon of crime. This the author does more by implication than by definite statement. With due allowance for this predisposition, no work has appeared in English of greater value in a generation. Beginning with a description and criticism of the various groups of writers which he designates as the Precursors, the Statisticians, the Italian and French Schools, the Bio-Socialists, the Spiritualists, etc., the author proceeds to his own explanation of the causes of crime which are inherent in our present Economic System. By a wealth of statistics and an analysis of social causes including a study of sex and the family, etc., he has in a most convincing manner revealed the effects of environment in producing crime. Elements neglected or slighted by previous authors are given their proper significance. The American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology has rendered an invaluable service to the science of criminology by placing this book before the English-reading world. It ought to stand on the shelf beside Lombroso, Garofalo and Aschaffenberg in every collection of criminological literature in the country. University of Pennsylvania. J. P. LICHTENBERGER. FLEXNER, ABRAHAM and BACHMAN, FRANK P. Education in Maryland. Pp. xii, 176. Free on Request. New York: The General Education Board, 1916. A report to the Governor by a commission authorized by the Legislature in 1914 "to make a comprehensive study of the public school system of the State of Maryland, of the state-aided elementary and secondary schools and of the higher educational institutions of the state with a view to correlating and coördinating the different institutions wholly or partially supported by state appropriations." This report embodies, however, only a survey of the elementary and secondary schools of the counties. The Commission contemplates a subsequent survey of the higher institutions of the state if continued in office. The study thus far made and reported in this volume was made by four educational experts who constitute a part of the survey force of the General Education Board, New York, which Board had been invited to coöperate with the Commission. Dr. Frank P. Bachman, who had had a prominent part in the recent survey of the New York City school system, spent much of his time during a period of two years in inspecting schools in all parts of Maryland-personally visiting 16 per cent of the white teachers and 10 per cent of the colored teachers. The pictures in this report are well chosen, the graphic illustrations are numerous and effective, the report is admirably organized and abounds in definite and constructive suggestions for improvement in administration, organization, equipment, the subject-matter and method of instruction, etc. A. L. S. GOODSELL, WILLYSTINE. A History of the Family as a Social and Educational Institution. Pp. xiv, 588. Price, $2.00. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. The growing demand for text books on social subjects is one of the most significant indices of the changes taking place in modern education. Increasing interest centers in "the proper study of mankind." The present volume is one of the most useful and valuable contributions in this lengthening series. The author very happily has combined scholarship with facility of expression in a way to make the work at the same time informing and interesting. Beginning with a short chapter on The Historical Study of the Family he proceeds to discuss The Primitive Family, The Patriarchal Family of the Hebrew, Greek and Roman Types and The Influence of Christianity upon Marriage and Family Custom in the Roman Empire. Then he describes the family in the Middle Ages, during the Renaissance, the English Family in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centu-ries and in the American Colonies. Then follows a chapter on The Effects of The Industrial Revolution on the Family, the Family during the Nineteenth Century, and The Present Situation, and concludes with a chapter on The Current Theories of Reform. Practically every phase of family life is considered. Marriage customs and ceremonies, changes in the status of women, the position and training of children, property rights, the influence of religion, influences that destroy the family, the problem of divorce and a score of similar subjects are treated under each stage of family development. The book adds nothing to our present knowledge of the subject, but it does present the latest views and theories, together with an abundance of concrete information in a comprehensive manner. Judged by the standards of a text book it is a splendid achievement and is destined to an extended use. University of Pennsylvania. J. P. LICHTENBERGER. NORTH, CECIL CLARE. The Sociological Implications of Ricardo's Economics. PARKYN, ERNEST. An Introduction to Prehistoric Art. Pp. xviii, 349. The bewildering succession of archaeological discoveries in Western Europe, especially since the establishing of the Institut of de Paléontologie Humaine, has so far resulted in little more than confusion in the lay mind. Facts were abundant in the fields of geology, anthropology, archaeology, climatology, paleobotony, zoölogy, etc., for a synthetic study of gigantic proportions. This task the author has undertaken and performed. How well he has succeeded we can determine only after a scrutiny of the work has been made by specialists in the several fields covered. The author recognizes the difficulties involved in any attempt "to place this long chapter of prehistory on an historical basis," but is convinced of its value, hence this work. Further study and criticism of material, and especially new discoveries, may result in modifications of conclusions reached, but the method of the work we believe is sound. In every case the age of "finds” has been estimated in reference to the geologic strata, the flora and fauna, the arts and industries. Geologic changes in land formation and climatic conditions with their bearing upon the distribution of vegetation and animal life are always considered. Some of the more general conclusions are: That there have been at least four ice ages; that man has had continuous residence in the region of France for 100,000 years; that this is one of the oldest centres of human habitation; that "men with faculties like our own, but in the infancy of education and tradition, were living in this region 25,000 years ago"; that this is not the region of origin but that men migrated here from the east; that the various types as the Heidelberg, Piltdown, Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon, were not differentiated here -but represent separate migrations; that the Cro-Magnon race is probably the immediate precursor of the modern European and that he belongs to the species Homo sapiens; that in the region of Dordogne and a few other localities the Cro-Magnon survives and composes a large element of the present population— the oldest living race in Western Europe. The book is illustrated with 8 plates and 268 figures and drawings. It is a masterpiece of synthetic analysis and is destined to stand high in the list of really great books of modern science. Published in November 1915, it is now in its second edition. Unlike the preceding volume the work of Parkyn is purely descriptive. While the author states in the introduction that "works of art reflect the social condi tions and mental endowments of those who produced them,” such conclusions are almost wholly wanting in the text. For the student of society, however, such a descriptive narrative is of great value. It is a valuable mine which needs only to be worked. The material is organized under the three ages-Stone, Bronze and Iron. Under palaeolithic art, stone implements, carvings in bone and ivory are described together with the mural decoration of caves. Neolithic art includes polished stone with incised designs in pottery. The character of Bronze Age pottery is next presented together with a study of the use of gold, amber and jet, for decorative purposes. The Iron Age spans the period from the earliest uses of iron including work in enamel and coral down to the late Keltic period concluding with a study of the origin of late Keltic ornament. The work will serve as a convenient cyclopedia of primitive art for those who have neither time nor opportunity to consult the widely scattered original sources. The book is profusely illustrated and well indexed. J. P. LICHTENBERGER. University of Pennsylvania. PHELPS, EDITH M. (Compiled by). Selected Articles on Woman Suffrage. (Third edition.) Pp. xlvi, 274. Price, $1.00. White Plains: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1916. STREIGHTOFF, FRANCES DOAN and STREIGHTOFF, FRANK HATCH. Indiana: A Social and Economic Survey. Pp. 261. Price, $1.25. Indianapolis: W. K. Stewart Company, 1916. An admirably planned and well executed work describing the resources and industries of Indiana, the system of state and local government, and the work of the various agencies for social betterment. T. W. V. M. WALLING, WM. E.; STOKES, J. G. P.; HUGHAN, JESSIE WALLACE; LAIDLER, HARRY W. The Socialism of Today. Pp. xvi, 642. Price, $1.60. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1916. Socialism is both a theory and a movement. Socialist literature first emphasized theory; but for about fifteen years past it has dealt primarily with socialism as a movement, and theory has become mere froth on the wave of the movement. Partisanship has colored most of this literature. The present work aims to present in a rigidly impartial way a documentary description of the socialist movement. No such comprehensive source-book has yet appeared. Even Central and South America, China and South Africa are included in the documentary presentation. Invaluable as a work of reference, it removes any excuse for ignorance of what organized socialism stands for. R. C. McC. WOOD, FRANCIS. Suffering and Wrong. Pp. x, 368. Price, $1.75. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916. This book is designed to awaken popular interest in the problem of the elimination of suffering and wrong. Its main premise is that these are due in the main to "customal" wrong; i.e., to human action and are preventable by the same means. Suffering is described under the captions, Inebriety, Female Degradation and Subjection, War, Poverty, The Prison System and Flesh-Eating. Christianity is indicated as the ally of Customal Wrong and thus is powerless to help. The book ends with a plea for a new religion of humanity that will devote itself to the problem of prevention and elimination. The main contentions are socially sound, notwithstanding certain extreme views with which many social students will not agree. J. P. L. POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL PROBLEMS HILL, JOHN PHILIP. The Federal Executive. Pp. viii, 269. Price, $2.00. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1916. This book is the outgrowth of a series of lectures, delivered by the author in several colleges. Its aim is to "assist in the understanding of the creation, development, organization, and functions of the federal executive," using the latter term to include the President and the executive departments. After a general survey of the position of the executive in the federal government, the establishment and growth of the various departments are traced. The status of the heads of departments as a cabinet and the present organization of the separate departments are next considered. A brief chapter indicates the influence of some of the presidents upon the executive departments, and a concluding chapter suggests probable future developments. The author recommends the establishment in the near future of departments of Education, of Transportation, and of Interstate Trade, together with considerable coördination of the present somewhat chaotic distribution of functions. For some reason he fails to note the need for a department of Colonial affairs. The book, while adding little that is new, is a valuable compilation of information. Like most books of its kind, however, it fails to give any adequate idea of the actual working of the administration. R. G. G. Index Digest of State Constitutions. (Prepared by Legislative Drafting Research Fund.) Pp. vii, 1546. New York: New York State Convention Commission, 1915. MUNRO, W. B. Principles and Methods of Municipal Administration. Pp. xi, 491. Price, $2.25. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916. This volume is intended to supplement the author's Government of American Cities which dealt with the organization of city government in the United States. The present volume deals with functions rather than frame work. It aims to show how various city departments are organized, what work they have to do and what problems they usually encounter in getting things done. After an introductory chapter the author considers the following branches of administration: City Planning, Streets, Water Supply, Waste Disposal and Sewerage, Public Lighting, Police Administration, Fire Prevention and Fire Protection, School Administration, Municipal Finance. In his method of treatment the author has tried to steer a middle course between a general survey of the most elementary character, and a technical |