treatise covering in great detail some single branch of municipal work. In this purpose the author has succeeded admirably, as well as in his desire to provide a means whereby public opinion may be educated to the point of understanding the underlying questions of policy, principle and method involved in the various branches of administration discussed. The volume is well written and would make interesting and valuable reading for every citizen, and especially for every municipal officer.

The principal defect of the book lies in its omissions. The reader in looking through the table of contents is at once struck by the omission from the list of subjects of a treatment of public health, social welfare activities, and public utility regulation. These are certainly among the most fundamental of the problems of municipal administration today and among those on which the public and the officials alike are most in need of enlightenment. The author does indeed admit that the book does not touch upon every phase of city administration, but it is doubtful whether his assertion that it includes a substantial part of the entire field can be interpreted to mean the main or most important part. A discussion of the three omitted subjects mentioned on the scale adopted for those included might have increased the size of the volume beyond the desires of the publishers. But in that case the treatment of some of the subjects discussed might with profit have been condensed or omitted altogether to make room for what seem to be more fundamental matters. For instance, by combining the chapters on police and fire administration into one chapter and the chapters on streets and public lighting into one chapter, public health and social welfare might each have been given a place.

These omissions are particularly unfortunate from the point of view of text-book use. There is still wanting a text-book on municipal functions which covers substantially the entire field of municipal administration in the admirable way in which Professor Munro covers the subjects treated by him.

HERMAN G. JAMES.

University of Texas.

INTERNATIONAL QUESTIONS

ABBOTT, JAMES FRANCIS. Japanese Expansion and American Policies. viii, 267. Price, $1.50. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916.

Pp.

This lucid and interesting book is, first, a brief history of the modern evolution of Japan, showing how the magnanimous treatment of the country by the early American diplomats and missionaries gained its confidence; then, the gradual separation of interests as Japan matured and found a divergent field, a separation encouraged by our own unfriendly attitude in California; and, finally, a consideration of the results likely to follow this separation.

In dealing with "the yellow peril" he advises the adoption of some such policy as that proposed by Dr. Sidney L. Gulick of admitting from each foreign country a percentage of the immigrants from that country already here, which general rule would offend no one, and yet render assimilable all who come. This would reduce yellow immigration to very small dimensions.

As to the chances of war he considers them negligible. America is the only

nation that buys more of Japan than she sells. Under present conditions it would be suicidal to put an end to this, and the success of Japan in a war would be so doubtful that her wise statesmen, unless goaded by American injustice, would never risk it.

He would have America recognize a Monroe Doctrine for the far East under the guidance of Japan, thus ensuring her friendship for us, an open door in China, and the best interest of Asia.

Under present conditions of excitement and suspicion it would be most wholesome for this book to have large reading.

I. S.

ADLER, FELIX. The World Crisis and Its Meaning. Pp. 232. Price, $1.50. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1915.

The eight chapters in this book comprise the subject-matter of a series of public addresses by the author. It is interesting to one whose training has been economic and sociologic to read this keen analysis of present problems from an ethical viewpoint. "The war," Dr. Adler says, "is a demonstration of the insufficiency of our ethical concepts." In our defence of nationalism we have failed to see "that the nationalism of one people is consistent with that of others” and that there must be created “a deep sense of the worth of different types of civilization."

This ethical idea permeates the entire book. We have been suffering under the illusion, he says, in the chapter on international peace, that there is a quick remedy for war and have not sufficiently noticed such factors as world unrest or differences in the stage of civilization reached by different nations. The engine to create peace is good will, and he proposes an international conference composed of representatives from the laboring classes, manufacturers, agriculturists and universities, and not of diplomats alone as a means of averting war. An ideal to be sure, but deserving of serious consideration by those who are seeking a way out.

The chapter on Civilization and Progress in the Light of the War is one of the most interesting in the book. An ethical society is the ideal and civilization only the means. That civilization has not produced a society morally acceptable, there are three proofs: (1) a highly civilized society may coexist with internal moral decay; (2) the benefits of civilization are yet available only to a minority; and (3) civilized peoples show the most flagrant conduct toward uncivilized.

The failure of most "programs" is due to a defective philosophy, a philosophy which neglects elements vital to any solution. It is probably because most of us are narrow and cannot see a problem in its wider relations. Dr. Adler has done a great service in this book by giving us the larger view.

B. D. M.

BATY, T. and MORGAN, J. H. War: Its Conduct and Legal Results. Pp. xxviii, 578. Price, 10s. 6d. London: John Murray, 1915.

This work is an authoritative commentary on British policy during the present war rather than a general treatise on the law of war. The three divisions into which the book is divided deal with The Crown and the Subject (Part 1),

The Crown and the Enemy (Part 2), The Crown and Its Treaty Obligations (Part 3), The Subject and the Enemy (Part 4) and The Crown and the Neutral (Part 5). In a final subdivision (Part 6), the authors deal with the legal effects of the moratorium and a number of miscellaneous topics that do not fit into the preceding portions of the work. A valuable appendix contains the text of British legislation, Orders in Council and Proclamations of the Crown since the outbreak of the war.

Of the long series of essays and treatises that have appeared since the outbreak of the war this volume will be one of the most valuable to the student of international law, for in it he will find the documentary material which will enable him to follow step by step the development of British policy, and to test the principles of that policy by the traditional and accepted principles of International Law. It must not be supposed that the authors have simply formulated a defense of British policy. Throughout the work they show not only independence of judgment but a readiness to criticize British policy.

The most illuminating portions of the work are the chapters dealing with measures of internal policy, especially the so-called "Defense of the Realm" Acts. They show to what an alarming extent military commissions have supplanted the regular civil tribunals. The far-reaching powers granted to the British executive under these Acts stand in marked contrast with the constitutional limitations to which the American executive, both state and federal, is subjected. While the British plan undoubtedly contributes toward executive efficiency, there is involved a serious danger to the fundamental civil rights of the citizen. This fact is brought out with great clearness.

L. S. R.

GOLDSMITH, PETER H. A Brief Bibliography of Books in English, Spanish and

Portuguese relating to the Republics commonly called Latin American; with comments. Pp. xix, 107. Price, 50 cents. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915.

HUBERICH, CHARLES HENRY and KING, RICHARD. The Prize Code of the German Empire. Pp. xxiii, 177. Price, $2.50. New York: Baker, Voorhis and Company, 1915.

The translators and editors of this little volume have done a real service in placing before students of international law an authoritative compilation of The Prize Code of the German Empire. There have been so many conflicting statements with reference to German law and German practice that considerable confusion has arisen in the minds both of students and publicists. To American students the value of this volume is considerably enhanced by the appendix in which the editors have reprinted the treaties of 1785, 1799 and 1825 between the United States and Prussia, all of which contain important provisions applicable to our present relations to the European conflict.

L. S. R.

PHELPS, EDITH M. (Compiled by). Selected Articles on the Monroe Doctrine. (Second and enlarged edition.) Pp. xxxiii, 337. Price, $1.00. White Plains: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1916.

ROHRBACH, Paul. German World Policies. (Trans. by Edmund von Mach.) Pp. xi, 243. Price, $1.25. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. This book under its German title, Der Deutsche Gedanke in der Welt, is said to have inspired more Germans than any other book published since 1871 because of the true picture it presents of the way the Germans had resolved to go. Written in 1912 by one of the most popular German authors of books on politics, it calls on government and people to spread by all possible means the German national idea throughout the world in the manner of the Anglo-Saxon, but for a "service for mankind" greater than that of any other country. Intensely idealistic and nationalistic, and in a style whose fervor is not lost in translation, the author preaches a veritable crusade against English foreign policy and influence whose chief effect and aim he clearly believes is to stifle and destroy the rising German competition. For illustrating the viewpoint of the more peaceful prophets of the German mission in the world the book is one of the clearest and most readable that has appeared.

J. C. B.

SCOTT, JAMES BROWN (Ed.). The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907. Pp. xxx, 303. Price, $1.00. New York: Oxford University Press, 1915.

Although a number of volumes have been published relating to the Hague Conventions, we have hitherto lacked a carefully worked out comparison between the Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907. In furnishing such a comparison, Dr. Scott, Director of the Division of International Law of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, has performed a service to students of international law, which will be appreciated not only by special students of the subject but by all those interested in the maintenance of law and order in international relations.

The compilation is preceded by an illuminating introduction by Dr. Scott. The text of each Convention and Declaration is followed by a carefully compiled list of ratifications, adhesions and reservations. As regards reservations, each country is treated separately, so that it is possible to ascertain with little difficulty the precise attitude of each country toward such treaty or convention. Dr. Scott's work places before everyone interested in international affairs a clear picture of the present status of the treaties and conventions adopted at the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.

L. S. R.

WOODS, FREDERICK ADAMS and BALTZLEY, ALEXANDER. Is War Diminishing? Pp. xi, 105. Price, $1.00. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1915.

A lengthy introduction exhibits the futility of either militarists or pacifists to interpret the factors that produce war. There follows a critical study of the history of the chief countries of Europe for approximately one thousand years to ascertain by an examination of the actual years of war and peace in each nation, not whether war ought to diminish but whether it is diminishing. No startling discovery is made. It is refreshing amidst the hundreds of volumes now being written from the emotional, personal and subjective points of view to find one of this dispassionate and critical temper.

J. P. L.

MISCELLANEOUS

CRESSY, EDWARD. An Outline of Industrial History. Pp. xiv, 364. Price, $1.10. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915.

This is an admirable little book both in what it proposes to do and in what it does. It is offered as a supplement to smaller histories and as an introduction to the larger ones which trace the growth of industry and commerce primarily from the standpoint of English development. The scientific or technological basis of industry is emphasized. The various fields of economic enterprise are described in a succession of chapters. Political activity in certain phases and economic thought in its main outlines are treated in parallel chapters.

R. C. McC. FISHER, ARNE (trans. and edited by). The Mathematical Theory of Probabilities and Its Application to Frequency Curves and Statistical Methods. Pp. xx, 171. Price, $2.00. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915.

A statement of modern studies in probability in a volume available to English readers. Mr. F. W. Frankland, well known actuary and member of actuarial and statistical societies in the United States and Great Britain, writes an introduction to it and declares it to be the finest book in the English language on the subject.

B. D. M.

HUDDERS, E. R. Indexing and Filing. Pp. xii, 292. Price, $3.00. New York: Ronald Press Company, 1916.

Each office has filing needs peculiarly its own, and yet after all there is a striking uniformity in the fundamentals underlying the filing and indexing of correspondence and material. In this work, Mr. Hudders has completely described, in a clear and concise style, the various forms of filing systems. Some of the chapter headings will serve to indicate the nature of the material set forth: rules for writing indexes, filing of papers, direct alphabetic filing, alphabeticnumeric filing, information and data files, catalog and pamphlet filing, purchase records, sales records, credit records, filing of sales invoices, filing in lawyers' offices, architectural filing, files of an accountant, etc. The work will prove of value not only to those who are anxious to establish a filing system that is accurate, comprehensive and expansive, but also to those whose already established filing systems seem not to provide for expansion adequate to the incoming material. A. E. R.

Philadelphia.

KELTIE, J. SCOTT (Ed.). The Statesman's Year Book, 1915. Pp. lxxxiv, 1536. Price, $3.50. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915.

In spite of the unusual difficulties involved in the preparation of the Statesman's Year Book for 1915, the publication has lost none of its interest and value. The difficulties involved in securing recent data with reference to the countries of Western Europe have not in any way detracted from the value of the work.