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7 1863 Farmington...

8 1780 Saratoga-Molly.. 8 1862 Perryville.

8 1779 Savannah.

9 1779 Assault on Savannah.

9 1814 Prince de Neuchatel-Endymion.

10, 1863 Blue Springs..

11 1776 Lake Champlain..

12 1800 Boston-Berceau...

12 1863 Arrow Rock (continued)..

13 1812 Queenstown..

13 1863 Arrow Rock (ended).

14,1863 Bristow Station...
15 1779 Vengeance-Defiance
16 1776 Ranger-privateer.
17 1862 Fort Ridgeley..
18 1812 Wasp-Frolic...
19 1781 Yorktown (ended).

19 1814 Cook's Mills..

19 1863 Buckland's Mills.

19 1864 Cedar Creek..

20 1863 Philadelphia, Tenn..

21 1861 Ball's Bluff.

22 1777 Red Bank..

22 1862 Pocotaligo (continued).

23 1862 Pocotaligo (ended).

24 1864 Big Blue (continued)..

25 1776 White Plains..

25 1812 United Slates-Macedonian.

25 1863 Pine Bluff.

25 1864 Big Blue (ended)....

26 1846 Tabasco.

27 1863 Wauhatchie (continued).

27 1864 Albemarle..

27 1864 Hatcher's Run.

27 1864 Fair Oaks (continued)

28 1863 Wauhatchie (continued).

28 1864 Fair Oaks (ended).

29 1863 Wauhatchie (ended).

30 1864 Petersburg (September 1-October 30).

31 1799 Norfolk-Picaroons..

1/1779 Jason-Perseus..

2 1813 Governor Tompkins-Mary Ann..

3 1813 Talluschatches

31863 Near Opelousas..

4 1812 Marengo-Leonidas..

5 1812 Paul Jones-Hassan.

6 1861 Belmont (continued).

61863 Droop Mountain.. 6 1863 Rogersville...

6,1863 Campbell Station. 7 1811 Tippecanoe..

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71861 Port Royal..

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71861 Belmont (ended)..

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71863 Rappahannock Station.

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8 1813 Globe-packets.

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9 1813 Talladega..

Indians.. U.S.

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10 1813 Saucy Jack-Sherbroke

11 1813 Chrysler's Fields.

12 1813 Tom-Townsend.
13 1776 Alfred-transports.
14 1813 Wile Renard-ship.
15 1779 Impertinent-Harlem.
16 1776 Industry-brig...

16 1776 Mount Washington.

17 1847 Guaymas.

17 1863 Knoxville

18 1813 Hillabee towns.

19 1847 Urias

20 1780 Ennoree Ford.

20 1856 Canton Forts (continued).

21 1847 San José..

21 1856 Canton Forts (continued).

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7 1862 Prairie Grove.....

7 1862 Hartsville.

8 1864 Deveraux's Neck (continued).

9 1862 Col. Matthews.

9 1861 Deveraux's Neck (ended). 10 1812 Saratoga-Morgiana..

11.1862 Fredericksburg (continued).. 12 1862 Fredericksburg (continued).. 13 1862 Fredericksburg (ended).

14 1814 Lake Borgne..

14 1862 Kinston.

15 1775 Great Bridge..

15 1864 Nashville (continued).

16 1864 Nashville (ended).

17 1812 Massasinewa.

18 1862 Foster's expedition (ended)..

19 1776 Rover-Africa...

20 1862 Holly Springs..

21 1779 Sally-transports..

22 1778 Saratoga-Chance. 23 1813 Econochaca.

23 1814 Near New Orleans..

24 1861 Fort Fisher (continued)..

25 1776 Trenton...

25 1864 Fort Fisher (continued).

26 1781 St. James-ship (armed).

27 1862 Vicksburg assault(continued). 28 1814 Near New Orleans..

28 1862 Vicksburg assault (ended).

29 1778 Savannah..

29 1812 Constitution-Java

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Confederates U.S. English...... U.S.

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THE RULERS OF FRANCE FROM THE REVOLUTION OF 1792.

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(Deposed Sept. 4, 1870, died Jan. 9, 1873.)
The Third Republic.

Committee of Public Defense...
L. A. Thiers elected President.
Marshal MacMahon elected President......May 24, 1873
Jules Grévy elected President
..Jan. 30, 1879
Marie F. S. Carnot elected President.. .Dec. 3, 1887
(Assassinated at Lyons, June 24, 1894.)
Jean Casimir Perier elected President......June 27, 1894
Felix François Faure elected President....Jan. 17, 18.5
(Assassinated, in Paris, Feb. 16, 1899.)
M. Emile Loubet elected President...... .Feb, 18, 1899

.Sept. 4, 1870

.Aug. 31, 1871

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A TABLE OF THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND.

SAXONS AND DANES.

Accession. Died.

Age. Reigned.

Edmund..

Edred.

Ethelbert Ethelred

Alfred..

Edward the Elder.

Athelstan

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Edward the Confessor..
Harold II..

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THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET.

Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet...

1154

1189

Eldest surviving son of Henry II.

1189

1199

Sixth and youngest son of Henry II.
Eldest son of John

1199

1216

1216

1272

Eldest son of Henry III..

1272

1307

Edward II.
Edward III.

Eldest surviving son of Edward I..

1307

1327

Eldest son of Edward II...

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Richard II..

Son of the Black Prince, eldest son of Edward III.

1377

Dep. 1399

33

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DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY.

ABBREVIATIONS: Am., American. Br., British. Dan., Danish. Eng., English. Fl., flourished. Fr., French. Ger., German. Gr., Greek. Ir., Irish. It., Italian. Nor., Nor

wegian.

Port., Portuguese. Prus., Prussian. Rom., Roman. Scot., Scottish. Sp., Spanish.

Sw., Swedish.

The numbers after each name indicate the years of birth and death. An interrogation mark denotes that the date is doubtful. After the names of the Popes the first date indicates time of accession unless otherwise stated.

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ABOUT, Edmond, 1828-85, Fr. author. ABRAHAM (or ABRAM), born about 2000 B. C., and died at the age of 175, Hebrew prince and patriarch.

ADAMS, Charles Francis, 1807-88, Am. statesman, son of J. Q. A.; negotiated treaty of Geneva.

ADAMS, John, first vice-president and second president of the United States; one of the negotiators of the treaty of peace with Great Britain, 1782; defeated by Jefferson for the presidency in 1800, he retired to private life.

ADAMS, John Quincy, 1768-1848, son of J. A., sixth president of the United States; being elected by the House; defeated by Jackson in 1828; elected to the House in 1830, his oratory gained for him the title "Old Man Eloquent"; member of the House until 1848, in which year, while in his seat at the Capitol, he received a stroke of paralysis, which caused his death.

ADAMS, Samuel, 1722-1803, Governor of Massachusetts; one of the popular leaders of the Revolution; signer of the Declaration of Independence.

ADDISON, Joseph, 1672-1719, Eng. poet, moralist, and dramatist.

ADRIAN I., pope from 772-95; II., 867-72; III., 884-5; IV., 1154-9; V., 1276, died same year; VI., 1521-3.

ESCHINES, 389-14 B.C., Athenian orator. ÆSCHYLUS, 525-456 B.C., first great tragic poet and founder of the drama.

Æsop, 619?-564 B.C., Gr. fabulist; a slave, but liberated by his master on account of his talents.

AFFRE, Denis Auguste, 1793-1848, archbishop of Paris; killed during the insurrection of June, 1848.

AGASSIZ, Louis, 1807-73, Swiss naturalist; professor at Harvard; founded museum of comparative zoology, Cambridge.

AGRICOLA, Cnæus Julius, 37-93, Rom. gen

eral.

AGRIPPA, Marcus Vipsanius, 63-12 B.C., Rom. soldier and statesman.

AINSWORTH, William Harrison, 1805-82, Eng. novelist.

AKBAR, 1542-1605, most illustrious of the Mogul emperors.

AKENSIDE, Mark, 1721-70, Eng. physician, poet, and scholar.

ALADDIN, fl. 1375, son of Osman and organizer of the Janissaries.

ALARIC, 350?-410, king of the Visigoths. ALBERT, or ALBERT FRANCIS, Augustus Charles Emmanuel, prince of Saxe-CoburgGotha, 1819-61, consort of Queen Victoria. ALBUQUERQUE, Alfonso, Marquis de, 14531515, Portuguese conqueror.

ALCIBIADES, 450-404 B.C., Athenian gen

eral.

ALCOTT, Amos Bronson, 1799-1888, Am. philosopher and teacher.

ALCOTT, Louisa May, 1833-88, Am. authoress.

ALEMBERT, Jean le Rond d', 1717-83, Fr. geometer.

ALEXANDER (the Great), 356-323 B.C., king of Macedon; taught by Aristotle; ascended the throne of Macedon 336, destroyed Thebes and was chosen commander of the Greeks against Persia; invaded Asia Minor in 334, defeating Darius on the banks of the Granicus; in 333 he almost annihilated the Persian army at the battle of Issus; cut the Gordian knot and caused the Ammonian oracle to declare him the son of Jupiter Ammon; captured Tyre in 332, and, having invaded Egypt, founded Alexandria; in 331 he defeated Darius at Arbela; elated by his success, he claimed the homage due to a god, stabbing his foster-brother Clitus for refusal to pay such

homage; invaded India in 327, advancing as far as the Hyphasis: his death is said to have been caused by excessive drinking.

ALFIERI, Vittorio, 1749-1803, It. poet. ALFRED (the Great), 849?-901, king of the West Saxons; one of the greatest and noblest of Englishmen; established schools and a system of police, and founded a navy.

ALLEN, Ethan, 1737-89, Am. Revolutionary commander; captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point in 1775 with only eighty-three men. ALLIBONE, Samuel Austin, 1816-89, Am. writer.

ALLSTON, Washington, 1779-1843, Am. painter.

ALVA, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of, 1508-82, Spanish commander in Netherlands; infamous for cruelty.

AMBROSE, Saint, 340?-97, one of the fathers of the Church.

AMERICUS, see Vespucci.

AMES, Fisher, 1758-1808, Am. orator and statesman.

AMHERST, Jeffrey (Lord Amherst), 1717-97, Br. general and field-marshal and governor of Virginia.

AMPERE, Andre Marie, 1775-1836, Fr. electrician and natural philosopher.

ANACREON, B. C. 560?-478, Gr. lyric poet. ANAXAGORAS, B. C. 500-428, Gr. philosopher; "the father of modern science. ANAXIMANDER, B. C. 610-547, Gr. philos

opher.

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ANDERSEN, Hans Christian, 1805-75, Dan.

author.

ANDRASSY, Julian, Count, 1823-90, Hungarian statesman.

ANDRE, John, 1751-80, Eng. spy; hanged for connection with the Arnold treason.

ANDROS, Sir Edmund, 1637-1714, Br. colonial governor of New England.

ANNE, 1664-1714, queen of England; last of the Stuarts.

ANTHONY, St., 251-356?, Egyptian founder of monachism.

ANTISTHENES, fl. 400 B. C., Gr. philosopher; founder of the Cynic school.

ANTOINETTE, Marie, 1755-93, queen of Louis XVI. of France; guillotined.

ANTONIUS, Marcus (Mark Antony), B. C. 93?-30, Rom. general and statesman.

AQUINAS, Thomas, Saint (the Angelic Doctor), 1224-74, theologian, teacher, and writer; member of the order of St. Dominic; the greatest of the schoolmen of the middle ages.

ARAM, Eugene, 1704-59, Eng. scholar; executed for the murder of one Daniel Clark, whom he is said to have killed to procure means for prosecuting his studies; chief character in one of Bulwer's novels.

ARCHIMEDES, B. C. 287?-12, Gr. mathematician and natural philosopher; founder of physics.

ARGYLL (or ARGYLE), Archibald Campbell, eighth earl, 1598-1661, Scot. Covenanter; defeated by Montrose; executed for treason.

ARIOSTO, Ludovico, 1474-1533, It. poet. ARISTIDES, B. C. . . . . -468 ?, Athenian general and statesman.

ARISTOPHANES, B. C. 444?-380?, Gr. comic poet; his genius and audacity in burlesque have never been equaled.

ARISTOTLE (the Stagirite), B. C. 384-22, Gr. founder of analytic philosophy.

ARIUS, 255?-336?, patriarch of Alexandria and founder of the Arian schism.

ARKWRIGHT, Sir Richard, 1732-92, Eng. manufacturer; inventor of the spinning-jenny. ARMINIUS, Hermann, B. C. 16-21, A. D., Ger. hero; defeated the Romans A. D. 9, near the Lippe.

ARNAUD, Henri, 1641-1721, leader of the Waldenses.

ARNOLD, Benedict, 1740-1801, Am. general and traitor; his plot to deliver West Point into the hands of the British was foiled by the capture of Major Andre, and he barely escaped; he became a colonel in the British army.

ARNOLD OF BRESCIA (or Arnaldo), -1155, It. reformer and orator.

ARNOLD, Matthew, 1822-88, Eng. author, poet, and critic.

ARNOLD, Thomas, 1795-1842, Eng. historian. ARNOLD VON WINKELRIED, ...-1386, Swiss patriot, who broke the Austrian phalanx at the battle of Sempach by throwing himself against the points of their spears.

ARTEMISIA, fl. 350 B. C., consort of Mausolus, prince of Caria, in whose memory she erected a tomb numbered among the seven wonders of the world.

ARTEVELDE, Jacob van, 1300?-45, leader of people of Ghent.

ARTEVELDE, Philip van, son of J. v. A., 1340-82, leader of insurrection in Flanders.

ARTHUR, Chester Alan, 1831-86, twentyfirst president of the United States; born at St. Albans, Vermont; read law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in New York city; 1860, quartermaster general on the staff of Governor Morgan; 1871, collector of the port of New York, but superseded, 1878, by General Merritt; 1880, nominated for vicepresident by the Republicans and elected; succeeded to the presidency on the death of Garfield.

ASCHAM, Roger, 1515-68, Eng. scholar and author.

ASHBURTON, Alexander Baring, Lord, 1774-1848, Eng. diplomatist.

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