the English amounted to no more than 13,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners, August 3, 1704. Boadicea, queen of Iceni, at the head of the Britons, attacked the Romans, burned London, and massacred 70,000 of its inhabitants; but being shortly afterward captured by Suetonius, poisoned herself, 65 A. D. Boulogne, France, besieged and taken by Henry VIII., 1514; sold to France for 400,000 crowns, 1550; Sir Sidney Smith failed in an attack on the flotilla there, November, 1806.

1890.

Boyne, battle of, between King William and King James, when the latter was defeated, July 1, 1690. Brazil, discovered by the Portuguese, 1500, who settled there 1549; diamond mines discovered 1730; the royal family arrives at, 1807; revolution took place, 1821; its independence declared and the prince regent declared emperor, 1822; the king of Portugal ratified the treaty and took the title of emperor of, 1825; war with Buenos Ayres, 1826; death of the dowager princess of, at Lisbon, August 8, 1829; revolution and expulsion of the emperor, Dom Pedro, and the appointment of a regency in the name of his son, 1830; became a republic, Brochs are prehistoric structures in Scotland resembling low, circular, roofless towers, with walls of great thickness of unhewn stones, and inclosed by a narrow passage, chiefly in Orkney, Shetland, etc. The brochs of Mousa is a typical and the best preserved example. Buenos Ayres, founded 1535 by Pedro de Mendoza; rebuilt 1580; taken from the Spaniards by Sir Home Popham, June 21, 1806; retaken after an attack of three days, August 12; British attack on, under Lieutenant General Whitelock, in which the British were repulsed, July 6, 1807; declaration of independence published, July 19, 1816.

Bulgarians, defeated by Basilius, Emperor of the East, who made 15,000 of them prisoners and caused their eyes to be put out, except one in a hundred, whom he left one eye, that they might serve as leaders to the rest, 1014. Byzantium, built by a colony of Athenians, B. C. 670. The seat of empire removed thither from Rome, A. D. 300, and its name changed to Constantinople.

California, first settled by the Spaniards, 1769, at San Diego. Ranks first in barley, grape culture, gold, and quicksilver; second in wool; third in hops; fifth in wheat and salt; seventh in silk goods; eighth in soap and silver; and ninth in wealth. Mining, manufacturing, stock raising, and agriculture form the principal industries of the state. Commerce is extensive with China, Japan, the East Indies, and Australia, and with other states and territories. No state in the Union has developed so rapidly.

Caledonia is the name given by the Romans to that part of Scotland lying between the Forth and the Clyde; so called from the tribe of Caledonii. The name disappears in the fourth century, and the people of Scotland began to be called Picts (to the east) and Scots (to the west). In more modern times Caledonia is a poetical name for Scotland.

Canada, discovered, 1499; settled by the French, 1534; Quebec built by Samuel Champlain, 1608; conquered by the English, 1759; ceded to them, 1763.

Canary Islands, discovered by a Norman, 1405; conquered by the Spaniards, 1491.

Candia, the ancient Crete, once subject to Greece, sold to the Venetians till taken by the Turks after 22 years' siege, 1669.

Canna, Battle of, where 40,000 Romans were killed by the Carthaginians, B. C. 216. Carthage, founded by the Tyrians, B. C. 1259; built by Queen Dido, about 869; destroyed, B. C. 704.

Catalonia, Kingdom of, conquered by the Goths, 414; by the Saracens, 714; taken by the Moors, 800; united to Spain, 1492.

Central America. Under the name of Central America are included the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the territory known as British Honduras. In 1502 Columbus discovered the eastern shore of Central America, and shortly afterward the Spaniards took possession of it, retaining it until 1820, when it rebelled, and many of the states which then composed it were annexed by Mexico. Three years afterwards was formed the Centra) American Confederation, but in 1839 Nicaragua withdrew, as did also Costa Rica in 1840, and Guatemala in 1847. In 1872 Guatemala, Costa Rica, San Salvador, and Honduras became united, forming the Central

American Union, the object of the union being the maintenance of peace in the several states and of the republican form of government.

The representatives of the Greater Republic of Central America, which was formed by the treaty of Amapala, concluded June 20, 1895, on August 27, 1898, adopted a federal constitution, in which the name was changed to "the United States of Central America." It was composed of the states of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador. The Republics of Costa Rica and Guatemala did not enter into this union.

November 30, 1898, the Federal Organizers formally declared the union dissolved, the three States resuming respectively absolute sovereignty. The collapse was due to the failure of the troops of Honduras, acting in behalf of the Federal Organizers, to suppress an outbreak in Salvador against the proposed federation, and to force Salvador into the union.

The Central American coalition lasted nominally just one month. The new régime was ushered in by elaborate celebrations at Amapala on November 1. Under the proposed form of government, the administration was to pass into the control of a representative from each of the three republics-Dr. Salvador Callego, of Salvador; Señor Miguel Agnelugarte, of Honduras, and Dr. Manuel Corrolel Matus, of Nicaragua. These were to continue in power until March 14, 1899, when they were to elect a president of the United States of Central America, to hold office four years. It was understood that the three States had virtually agreed upon Señor J. Rosa Pacose, of Salvador, for the Executive chair. In the meantime the presidents of the three republics were to assume the grade of governors.

From the outset the Salvadorians opposed the coalition, as the expense of maintaining the federal government would have fallen chiefly upon them. General Regalado headed an insurrection, whose avowed purpose was to defeat the plans of the Federal Organizers. President Zelaya, of Nicaragua, declined to allow the Nicaraguan troops to suppress the outbreak, and the task was assigned to the armies of Honduras. The latter entered Salvador, but were compelled to retire unsuccessful. Thus, unable to bring Salvador into the union, the promoters of the coalition scheme had no alternative but to abandon it.

Chartists, The, were a body of the English people who, on the passage of the Reform Bill (1832) demanded the People's Charter, the points of which were: (1) Universal suffrage; (2) vote by ballot; (3) annual parliaments; (4) payment of members; (5) abolition of property qualification; (6) equal electoral districts. Great demonstrations and damage done in 1838-9. After demonstration and presentation of petition, April 10, 1848, the movement subsided, although the government had meanwhile dealt severely with some of the leaders. Chaldeans, The, or Akkadians, are a non-Semitic race, who came originally from the mountain country of Elam, and were formerly the dominant people of Babylonia. One of the four great cities of Shinar was Accad. The Babylonians were indebted to the SumeroAkkadians for their cuneiform writing, religion, and mythology.

Champ de Mars, The, or "Field of March," was a grand general assembly of Frank warriors, held from time to time in Gaul, from the fifth century till the time of Charles le Chauve (877), when all trace of them disappears. The objects of these conventions were twofold:* (1) That of military reviews, in which the freemen came to pay homage to their chief and bring their annual gifts; and (2) consultative deliberations upon what expeditions should be made, what should be done for the defense of the nation, and what laws should be passed for the better government of the State. From 755 these assemblies were held in May. Napoleon I. announced a gathering to be held in the great plain called the Champ de Mars of Paris, on May 26; but it was not held till June 1, 1815. The object was to proclaim L'Acte additionel aux constitutions de l'Empire.

Charing Cross was originally a London suburb, where was erected the last of the crosses in memory of Eleanor, queen of Edward I. The cross was destroyed in 1647, but a new one was placed on the spot in 1865.

Chillon is a celebrated castle of Switzerland, at the eastern end of the Lake of Geneva. It stands on an isolated rock, and long served as a state prison. Here for six years (1530-36) Bonnivard endured the captivity immortalized by Byron's "Prisoner of Chillon" (1821).

China, Monarchy of, commenced B. C. 2367; but its history does not extend above the Greek Olympiads. Fohi is by many writers supposed to be the founder of

the Empire, and its first sovereign, B. C. 2247. The country conquered by the eastern Tartars, when the emperor and his family killed themselves, A. D. 1644. First voyage to China from the United States made from New York, February 22, 1784.

Cimbri, The, were the ancient inhabitants of Jutland, of disputed nationality. They made serious incursions into Italy, but were utterly routed by the Romans, 101 B. C., and were afterwards merged in the Saxons.

Colorado (Centennial state). First settlement, by Americans, near Denver, about 1850. Organized as a territory, 1861. Ranks first in silver, fourth in gold, eighth in square miles, seventeenth in miles of railway, thirty-fifth in population and wealth. About one third of the state is good agricultural land and easy of irrigation, bringing forth bountiful harvests of all the cereals. As a grazing and dairy country it is unsurpassed, its nutritious grasses having peculiar advantages for herding. Its chief production is mining; in its yield of gold and silver, it is the leading state of the Union. Commune, The, is the unit or lowest division in the administration of France, corresponding in the rural districts to our township, and in towns to a municipality. The rising of the Commune at Paris in 1871, and which should not be confounded with communism, was a revolutionary assertion of the autonomy of Paris, that is, of the right of self-government through its commune or municipality. The theory of the rising was that every commune should have a real autonomy, the central government being merely a federation of communes. The movement was based on discontent at Paris, where the people found themselves in possession of arms after the siege by the Germans. The rising began on the 18th of March, 1871, and was only suppressed ten weeks later, after long, bloody fighting between the forces of the Commune and a large army of the central government; 6,500 Communists having fallen during 20-30th of May, and 38,578 having been taken prisoners. Covent Garden, originally the garden of the Abbot of Westminster, is a spacious square in London, celebrated for a great market held within it of fruit, vegetables, and flowers. The square was formed about 1631, and is famous from its connection with the modern history of London.

Confederation of the Rhine, The, formed July 12, 1806, was a federation of the Germanic States, formed by Napoleon Bonaparte, whose disastrous Russian campaign (1812) caused the dissolution of the confederation, the Germanic Confederation taking its place.

Connecticut, first settled by the English at Windsor 1633. Ranks first in clocks; third in silk goods; fourth in cotton goods; eighth in tobacco; fourteenth in wealth. Manufactures cotton, woolen, and worsted goods, hardware, jewelry, plated ware, leather goods. Agriculture and manufacture are carried on to a considerable extent. Several extensive granite and freestone quarries are successfully worked as are also mines of lead, copper, and iron. Many of the towns have an extensive coasting trade, and foreign commerce with the West

Indies.

Comedy, the first acted at Athens on a stage, B. C. 562; those of Terence first acted, B. C. 154; the first regular one performed in England, 1551.

Cordova, the first Roman colony in Spain, settled by Marcellus; the residence of the Moorish princess, 759; kingdom of, destroyed, 1014. Corsica, dependent on Genoa until 1730; became free, 1733; elected Theodore king, 1736; ceded to France by Genoa, 1779; sold to Germany, 1781; the Corsicans acknowledged George III. as their king, 1794; the island evacuated by the English, November, 1796. Crusades, or Holy Wars, between the Christians and Mohammedans, which, in the end, cost the lives of two hundred million men. The first, in 1095, was under Peter the Hermit and Godfrey de Bouillon; the second, in 1146, under Emperor Conrad II. and Louis VII. of France; the third, in 1188, by Frederick Barbarossa, joined in 1190 by Philip II. of France and Richard I. of England; the fourth, in 1204, under Baldwin, Count of Flanders; the fifth, in 1228, under Frederick II.; the sixth, in 1248, under Louis IX. of France against Egypt; the seventh, in 1270, also by Louis IX., against Tunis, where Louis lost his life.

Curfew Bell was established in England in 1068, which, to prevent fires, obliged people to put out their fire and candles at eight in the evening, when the bells rang; abolished in 1100.

Danes, their first descent upon England was at Portland, 787; their second in Northumberland, 794, when they were repelled and perished by shipwreck. Successive invasions took place up to the year 998; defeated the English at Ipswich, 1010; took Canterbury and put nine out of ten of the inhabitants to death, 1011; settled in Scotland, 1020; expelled the English, 1041; landed again at Sandwich, 1047, and carried off great plunder to Flanders; joined the Northumbrians, burned York, and slew 3,000 Normans, 1069; invaded England again, but, bribed by William II., quitted it, 1140.

Dakotas, The, first settled by Americans at Pembina. Admitted into the Union as two states, North and South Dakota, 1889. Ranks third in gold, ninth in silver, thirty-ninth in population.

Delaware, first settlement made by Swedes at Cape Henlopen, 1658. The principal industries are agricul tural pursuits and mining. Fruit grows in great abundance. Considerable manufacturing is done in the northern part of the state.

Delft, one of the most ancient towns of South Holland, is situated on the Schie, eight miles northwest of Rotterdam by rail, and is intersected by numerous canals. Delft was noted from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century for its Delft ware, but has now entirely lost its high reputation for this manufacture.

Decemvirs, The, were men who drew up a code of Roman laws, and who, in 451 B. C., had the whole gov ernment of Rome in their hands. They were successful in their administration till the incident of Appius Claudius and Virginia led to the appointment of consuls. Delphi was an ancient northern Greek town, celebrated for the oracles pronounced by the Pythian priestess in the temple of Apollo. The oracle was known as early as 900 B. C., and the temple became the repository of immense treasures. It was plundered by the Phocians and Nero, the latter taking away three hundred costly statues in 67 A. D.

Denmark, the ancient kingdom of the Goths; its first king reigned 714; embraced Christianity, 940; united with the Crown of Norway, 1412, and with Sweden, 1497; separated from Sweden in 1528; crown made hereditary and absolute, 1660; Copenhagen bombarded by the English, 1807; commercial treaty between Denmark and England, 1824.

Convention, for forming the constitution of the United States, met at Philadelphia, May 25, 1787, and reported the same to the States for adoption, September 17, of the same year.

Copenhagen burned, 77 streets destroyed, 1723; Sir Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson passed the sound, and, after destroying the fleet, made peace with the Danes, April 2, 1801; garrison of, capitulated to the British troops after a severe bombardment of three days, September 6, 1807.

by the united forces of Austria and England, and in 1815 was united to the Sardinian monarchy.

Georgia (Empire State of South). First settlement, by the English, Savannah, 1733. Ranks second in rice and sweet potatoes; third in cotton and molasses; fourth in sugar; seventh in mules; tenth in hogs; thirteenth in population; fifteenth in miles of railway; nineteenth in square miles; twenty-fifth in wealth. The leading industry is agriculture, the products being corn, rice, cotton, and sweet potatoes, and manufacturing, in which it leads all other Southern States, having fine facilities. Gold, iron, marble, and slate abound. Germany, from Germann or warlike man, being anciently divided into several independent states, was insignificant in history until B. C. 25, when the people withstood the power of the Romans, and expelled them in 290; Charlemagne became master of the whole, 802. The Emperor of Germany assumed the title of Emperor of Austria, August 11, 1804. In 1521, at the Diet of Worms, Luther made his famous defense; religious dissensions occupied the country for a long period after the retirement of Charles V., in 1556, and in 1618, the Thirty Years' War broke out; Germany secured her religious freedom by the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648. The foundation of the Prussian monarchy was laid in 1675. Numerous wars took place during the eighteenth century, and constant mutations occurred in the map of Germany. Under the famous Fredericks, the Kingdom of Prussia developed into a first-class power. German unification began under William I.; the war with Prussia was declared on July 19, 1870, and resulted in the complete unification of Germany; the king of Prussia, by this treaty, was proclaimed Emperor of Germany.

Ghent, Belgium, stands on 26 islands, connected with each other by 80 bridges. The city of Venice is built on 80 islands, connected by nearly 400 bridges. In Venice canals serve for streets, and gondolas for carriages. Gibraltar, taken by Sir George Rooke, July 24, 1704; besieged by the Spaniards, February 24, 1727; again, May, 1731; besieged again by the Spaniards, from 1780 to September 13, 1782, when their floating battery was burned with red hot balls from the garrison commanded by General Elliott. Gibraltar came into the possession of the English in 1704.

Girondins, The, in English "The Girondists," were the pure republican party in the National Assembly and National Convention of the first French Revolution. So called because it consisted mainly of the deputies of the Gironde. This party was distinguished for its oratory, and for a time dominated the assembly; but, horrified at the September massacres, they condemned the Reign of Terror, and tried to bring in more moderate measures. This drew upon them the hatred of the demagogues, and on May 31, 1793, some twenty-nine of the Girondists were arrested at the instigation of Robespierre, and on October 31 twenty of them were guillotined, among whom were Brissot, Gensonné, Vergniaud, Ducos, and Sillery. Valazé stabbed himself while he stood in the dock.

Gordian Knot, the knot of the thong in the wagon of Gordius, who was elected king of Phrygia from driving a wagon, and which he afterwards deposited in the temple of Jupiter. Whoever loosed this knot, the ends of which were not discoverable, the Oracle declared should be emperor of Persia. Alexander the Great cut away the knot till he found the ends, and thus interpretated the Oracle, B. C. 330.

Goths, The, who inhabited all the countries from the Baltic to the Euxine seas, first mentioned as invading the Romans, 250; waged war with them, 366; from which time may be derived the fall of the Roman Empire. The whole nation, a million in number, through fear of the Huns, removed to the waste land in Thrace, 376; rebelled against the Romans, 377, and were quelled; afterwards attacked by Valens, the Roman army was cut to pieces, and the emperor killed. The Goths capitulated with and submitted to the Romans, October 3, 382. Embraced Christianity, 400; pillaged Rome and massacred the inhabitants, 410; slew 300,000 inhabitants of Milan, 539.

Granada, Kingdom of, conquered by the Moors, 715; in 1235 it became the capital of a new kingdom, and attained to almost matchless splendor; the last Moorish prince was Abou-Abdillah, who was conquered by the Castilians, 1492.

Grecian Monarchy, commenced by Alexander the Great's victory over Darius, the last Persian monarch, B. C. 328; empire began under Nicephorus, 1811, ended,

1453.

Greece, The early history of, is surrounded with

legend and myth. The heroic age of Greece is a fragment of the poetic imagination. Hellen was claimed by the Greeks as their common ancestor, the popular belief being that from his sons, Dorus and Æolus, and his grandsons, Ion and Echæus, sprang the four different Branches of the nation-the Dorians, the Eolians, the Ionians, and the Achæns. From first to last, Greece was divided into numerous independent states. Authentic history begins 776 B. C., when the first Olympiad was held. In B. C. 431, began the Peloponnesian war. Greece passed under Macedonian rule about 344 B. C.; in B. C. 214 occurred the first collision between the Greeks and the Romans; from the fifth to the eighth centuries Slavic and other foreign people appeared in Greece, but were finally expelled; in the eleventh century the Normans plundered and ravaged the cities of Thebes, Athens, and Corinth. In 1203, the Latin princes appeared in the Crusades, conquered Constantinople, and divided Greece among them, which divisions were swept away by the Turks in 1453. In 1687 the Christian league besieged and took Athens, and the Moslem rule was again established; the Ottoman yoke was completely thrown off in 1821, and was accomplished by what is known as the modern revolution. Moslem rule was again attempted in 1822, but the allied powers of Europe decided to create Greece an independent kingdom; in 1866 a revolution in Crete strained the relations of Greece and Turkey; a renewed outbreak in 1896 led to a war with Turkey, which resulted in favor of Turkey, but did not imperil the independence of Greece. Gretna Green is a village in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, and the place where, for nearly a century, runaway couples were made man and wife. These irregular marriages were discountenanced by law in the year

1856.

Guelphs and Ghibellines.-At the great battle of Weinsberg, in Suabia, A. D. 1140, the Emperor Conrad of Hohenstaufen, and Welf, uncle of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, rallied their followers by the respective war cries, Hie Waiblingen!" "Hie Welf!" As the chief theater of the conflict of these parties was Italy, the original names took the Italian form of Ghibellini and Guelfi, and under these names they became two great parties, whose conflicts may almost be said to make up the history of Italy and Germany from the eleventh till the fourteenth century. The Ghibellini may, in general, be described as the supporters of the imperial authority in Italy, the Guelphs as the opponents of the emperors and adherents of the popes. Five great crises in the strife of the Guelphs and Ghibelline parties are commonly noted by historians: Under Henry IV., in 1055; under Henry the Proud, in 1127; under Henry the Lion, in 1140; under Frederick Barbarossa, in 1159; and in the pontificate of the great champion of Church temporal power, Innocent III. cities of northern Italy were divided between the two parties - Florence, Bologna, Milan, and other cities, as a general rule, taking the side of the Guelphs; while Pisa, Verona, and Arezzo were Ghibelline. În general, it may be said that the nobles of the more northern provinces of Italy inclined to the Ghibelline side, while those of the central and southern provinces were Guelph. After the downfall of the preponderance of the German emperors in Italy, the contest ceased to be a strife of principles and degenerated into a mere struggle of rival factions. From the fourteenth century the Guelphs or Ghibellines are seldom heard of as actually existing parties; but in the sense already explained, the conflict of principles which they represented is found in every period of political history.

The

Gypsy Tribes.-Gypsies, a term applied to a mysterious, vagabond race, scattered over the whole of Europe, and parts of Asia, Africa, and America. Whence they originally came, is not definitely known, but India seems to have been the cradle of the tribe. They are called Bohemians, in France; Zingari, in Italy. For centuries past they have drifted about over Europe, in small bands, having no permanent homes; living by begging, fortune telling, and various tricks. The first notice of them, which occurs in European literature, is embodied in a free paraphrase, in German, of the Book of Genesis, written by an Austrian monk, about 1122. On August 17, 1427, a band of them, coming from Bohemia, made their appearance before Paris, which, however, they were not allowed to enter, but were lodged at La Chapelle Saint Denis. Other hordes succeeded these in the following years, spreading in rapid succession over all parts of Germany, over Spain, England, Russia, Scandinavia, and, indeed, over the remotest parts of Europe. The account which they most frequently gave of them

selves was, that they originally came from "Little Egypt," that the king of Hungary had compelled about 4,000 of them to be baptized, had slain the remainder, and had condemned the baptized to seven years' wandering. In France, Germany, Scotland, and other countries, the most stringent laws were formerly enforced against them, and they were slain by thousands. The jargon spoken by the Gypsies is styled Romany, and contains many Sanscrit words and corrupted Hebraisms. Hanseatic League, The, was a trades-union to protect merchandise from pirates and the pillage of nobles. It began with the three towns of Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck, but ultimately contained eighty-five trading towns. The league was divided into four colleges, viz., Lübeck, Cologne, Brunswick, and Dantzig. Of these, Lübeck was the chief, and presided in all the conferences. Hebrew Race, The, is distributed over the Eastern continent as follows: In Europe there are 5,400,000; in France, 63,000; Germany, 562,000, of which AlsaceLorraine contains 39,000; Austro-Hungary, 1,544,000; Italy, 40,000; Netherlands, 82,000; Roumania, 265,000; Russia, 2,552,000; Turkey, 105,000, and in other countries 35,000, Belgium containing the smallest number, only 3,000. In Asia there are 319,000; Asiatic Turkey, 47,000, in Palestine there being 25,000; Asiatic Russia. 47,000; Persia, 18,000; Middle Asia, 14,000; India, 19,000, and China, 1.000. Africa contains 350,000; Egypt, 8,000; Tunis, 55,000; Algiers, 35,000; Morocco, 60,000; Tripoli, 6,000, and Abyssinia, 200,000. The entire number of Hebrews in the world is nearly 6,300,000.

Heptarchy, The Saxon, consisting of the kingdoms of Kent, the South Saxons, the West Saxons, the East Saxons, Northumberland, the East Angles, and Mercier, commenced in the sixth century, and continued till 800, when Egbert reigned alone. The Saxons, notwithstanding this division of the kingdom, were subject to one monarch, who was called King of Britain; the monarchy was not then hereditary, but that person succeeded who had the greatest power.

It

the different creeds of Christendom were to be accorded full and equal rights in the alliance. 3. That the Christian religion was to be regarded as the moral principle governing in the international conduct and comity of the states. 4. That the Christian religion was to regulate the whole system of public law. 5. That the allied sovereigns were to give one another united aid in all cases when required. A special article of the treaty also provided that no member of the Bonaparte family should ever sit upon a European throne. Alexander of Russia drew up the agreement and gave it a name. was signed by the three monarchs, September 26, 1815, but it was not wholly made public until February 2, 1816. All the Governments of Europe, except Rome, which had not been invited, probably through fear that the Pope would claim the first place in its councils, and thus revive the old difficulty of the supremacy of the Church over Christian Governments, and England, which had declined, became members of the alliance. The alliance accomplished but little, and after Alexander's death, in 1825, the compact lost authority, and the French Revolution of 1830 caused a wide breach between the parties to it. The formation of the Prussian Diet, in 1847, the European uprising in 1848, the re-establishment of the Napoleon dynasty in 1850, and finally the war of Russia against England, France, and Turkey in 1854, brought about the complete dissolution of the alliance. Hottentots, The, are an African native race, occupying the country north from the Cape Colony to Mossamedes, stretching westward to the Atlantic, and bounded on the east by the Kalahari desert. Formerly a numerous nation, the Hottentots have been greatly diminished by the oppression of the Boers, and the race is now nearly extinct. The Hottentots include the Griquas, Bushmen, Korannas, Namaquas, and Damaras.

Huguenots, Protestants first called so in France, from a German word signifying "allied by oath," 1560; massacre of them at Paris, August 24, 1572.

the Hittites were probably Turanian, and in their language allied to the Alarodian family. The peculiar hieroglyphic writings found on Hittite monuments in Syria, Asia Minor, etc., are beginning to be deciphered. In common with the Hyksos, the deity of the Hittites was Seti, the Egyptian Typhon, and the local goddess of Kadesh Anata, the Canaanitish goddess of war. Hivites, The, were a Canaanitish people, specially as sociated with the Amorities, dwelling in the time of Joshua (Josh. ix.) near the center of Palestine, and near Mount Hermon and Mount Lebanon, the latter being regarded as the country of the Amorites in the Egyptian texts, and Tel-el-Amarna tablets. The Hivites are first mentioned in Scripture in Gen. x.: 17; they were subjected to tribute by Solomon, after whose reign their name no longer appears.

Holland, in the fourteenth century, after being ruled for four centuries as a province of France or Germany, came under the rule of the Duke of Burgundy. Several wars, growing out of an attempt to extend the power of the inquisition, occurred between Holland and Spain, the last ending in 1648, when the Netherlands achieved their independence; was overrun by the French, January, 1785; secret expedition against, commenced by the Duke of York, August, 1799; British troops evacuated, November, 1799; Louis Bonaparte proclaimed king of, June 11, 1806; decree for annexing it to France, July 9, 1810; the French expelled, 1813.

Holy Alliance, The, was a league formed by the Emperors Alexander I. of Russia, Francis of Austria, and King Frederick William III. of Prussia, after the second abdication of Napoleon. The main principles of the alliance were: 1. That the different Governments of Europe belonged to one family of nations. 2. That all

Idaho.-Ranks sixth in gold, seventh in silver, twelfth fifth in population. Population, 1890, 84,385. First setin square miles, forty-third in miles of railway, fortytlement, by Americans, 1842. Organized as a Territory, 1863. Admitted to the Union in 1890.

Charles I. were called "Roundheads.' Independents, The, or Puritans, in the reign of were nicknamed "The Cavaliers." The royalists The former wore latter wore their hair flowing over their shoulders, and their hair short, and dressed with great simplicity; the dressed showily and expensively. The two came into collision about the expulsion of the bishops from the House of Lords. The Roundheads insisted on their expulsion, and the severance of the clergy from all

secular and state offices. It was in this brawl that the two parties gave each other the nicknames of Roundheads and Cavaliers.

Indian Territory was originally set apart as a reservation for peaceful tribes. Organized in 1834, but not under the same forms of government as the other territories. The lands are held in common by the Indians, each being allowed to cultivate as much as desired, and whites can hold land only by marrying an Indian. Grazing and agriculture are the leading industries. Oklahoma was opened up to white settlers in 1889, and organized as a territory in the following year, its capital being fixed at Guthrie.

Indian War, King Philip's, commenced in New England and ended by his death, August 12, 1767.

Indiana, first settlement by the French at Vincennes, 1730. Ranks second in wheat, fourth in corn, hogs, and agricultural implements, sixth in coal, and population; seventh in horses, oxen, and other cattle, malt and distilled liquors, and wealth; ninth in hay and milch cows. The inhabitants are largely engaged in agriculture. Large quantities of corn, wheat, oats, pork, and beef