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the assignees of the entire interest, when, by one thousand words, $2; of over one thousand reason of a defective or insufficient specifica- | words $3. For copies of drawings, the reasontion, or by reason of the patentee claiming as able cost of making them. The Patent Office his invention or discovery more than he had a is prepared to furnish positive blue-print phoright to claim as new, the original patent is in- tographic copies of any drawing, foreign or operative or invalid, provided the error has domestic, in the possession of the office, in arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, sizes and at rates as follows: Large size, 10x15 and without any fraudulent or deceptive inten- inches, twenty-five cents; medium size, 7x11 tion. Reissue applications must be made and inches, fifteen cents; small size, 5x8 inches, the specifications sworn to by the inventors, if five cents. An order for small sized copies can they be living. be filled only when it relates to the drawings of an application for patent.

Caveats. A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the office, of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an application filed during the life of a caveat without notice to the caveator.

The total number of applications filed at the Patent Office in sixty-one years, 1837-97, was 1,040,035; number of caveats filed, 107,415; number of original patents, including designs issued, 601,268. Receipts to December 31, 1896, $34,309,331.06; expenditures, $29,293,672.32; net surplus, $5,015,658.74. The largest number of patents granted for an article prior to January, 1895, has been for carriages and wagons, 20,000, and for stoves and furnaces, 18,000. The next largest has been for harvesters, 10,000; lamps and gas fittings, 10,000; boots and shoes, 10,000, and packing and storing vessels, 10,000 approximately.

Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on a payment of a fee of ten dollars, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, NATURALIZATION LAWS. and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof. The caveat may be renewed, on request in writing, by the payment of a second fee of ten dollars, and it will continue in force for one year from the payment of such second fee.

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single invention or improvement.

Fees.-Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows: On filing each original application for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent, $20. In design cases: For three years and six months, $10; for seven years, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On filing each caveat, $10. On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. On filing each disclaimer, $10. For certified copies of patents and other papers in manuscript, ten cents per hundred words; for certified copies of printed patents, eighty cents. For uncertified printed copies of specifications and drawings of patents, for single copies, or any number of unclassified copies, five cents each; for copies by subclasses, three cents each; by classes, two cents each, and for the entire set of patents issued, in one order, one cent each. For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, $1; of over three hundred and under

The conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Sections 2, 165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the United States.

Declaration of Intentions.-The alien must declare upon oath before a circuit or district court of the United States or a district or supreme court of the Territories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, that it is, bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject.

Oath on Application for Admission.--He must at the time of his application to be admitted declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity. to every foreign prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty, and particularly by name, to the prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject,' which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the court.

Conditions for Citizenship.-If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to which

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the alien has applied that he has made a countries are entitled to and shall receive from declaration to become a citizen two years this Government the same protection of perbefore applying for final papers, and has re- sons and property which is accorded to nativesided continuously within the United States born citizens." for at least five years, and within the State or Territory where such court is at the time held one year at least; and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same, he will be admitted to citizenship. Titles of Nobility. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility he must make an express renunciation of the same at the time of his application.

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Soldiers. Any alien at the age of twentyone years and upward who has been in the armies of the United States, and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, provided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous to his application, and is of good moral character. (It is judicially decided that residence of one year in a particular State is not requisite.)

Minors. Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court that for two years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen.

Children of Naturalized Citizens.-The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof.

Citizens' Children Who Are Born Abroad.— The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States, are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof.

Chinese.—The naturalization of Chinamen is expressly prohibited by Section 14, Chapter 126, Laws of 1882.

The Right of Suffrage. The right to vote comes from the State, and is a State gift. Naturalization is a Federal right and is a gift of the Union, not of any one State. In nearly one-half of the Union aliens (who have declared intentions) vote and have the right to vote equally with naturalized or native-born citizens. In the other half only actual citizens may vote. (See Table of Qualifications for Voting in each State, on another page.) The Federal naturalization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and provide that no alien may be naturalized until after five years' residence. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him, and he may vote in several States six months after landing, if he has declared his intention, under the United States law, to be-, come a citizen.

PASSPORT REGULATIONS.

RULES governing the granting and issuing of passports in the United States:

BY WHOM ISSUED.-No one but the Secretary of State may grant and issue passports in the United States.-Revised Statutes, secs. 4075, 4078.

A citizen of the United States desiring to procure a passport while he is temporarily abroad should apply to the diplomatic representative of the United States in the country where he happens to be; or, in the absence of a diplomatic representative, to the consul general of the United States; or, in the absence of both, to the consul of the United States. The necessary statement may be made before the nearest consular officer of the United States.

TO CITIZENS ONLY.-The law forbids the granting of a passport to any person who is not a citizen of the United States.-Revised Statutes, sec. 4076.

A person who has only made the declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States cannot receive a passport.

APPLICATIONS.-A citizen of the United States in this country in order to procure a passport must make a written application, in the form of an affidavit, to the Secretary of State.

The affidavit must be attested by an officer Protection Abroad to Naturalized Citizens.-authorized to administer oaths, and if he has Section 2,000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States declares that all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign

an official seal it must be affixed. If he has no seal, his official character must be authenticated by certificate of the proper legal officer.

If the applicant signs by mark, two attesting | tion, and residence, as required in the rule witnesses to his signature are required. governing the application of a naturalized

The applicant is required to state the date citizen. and place of his birth, his occupation, and the place of his permanent residence, and to declare that he goes abroad for temporary sojourn and intends to return to the United States with the purpose of residing and performing the duties of citizenship therein.

The applicant must take the oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States. The application must be accompanied by a description of the person applying, and should state the following particulars, viz.: Age, years; stature, feet inches (English measure); forehead, -; eyes, —; nose, —; mouth,; chin, -; hair, -; complexion, -; face,

The application must be accompanied by a certificate from at least one credible witness that the applicant is the person he represents himself to be, and that the facts stated in the affidavit are true to the best of the witness's knowledge and belief.

NATIVE CITIZENS.-An application containing the information indicated by rule 3 will be sufficient evidence in the case of native citizens.

A PERSON BORN ABROAD WHOSE FATHER WAS A NATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES.-In addition to the statements required by rule 3, his application must show that his father was born in the United States, has resided therein, and was a citizen at the time of the applicant's birth. The Department may require that this affidavit be supported by that of one other citizen acquainted with the facts..

NATURALIZED CITIZENS.-In addition to the statements required by rule 3, a naturalized citizen must transmit his certificate of naturalization, or a duly certified copy of the court record thereof, with his application. It will be returned to him after inspection. He must state in his affidavit when and from what port he emigrated to this country, what ship he sailed in, where he has lived since his arrival in the United States, when and before what court he was naturalized, and that he is the identical person described in the certificate of naturalization. The signature to the application should conform in orthography to the applicant's name as written in the naturalization paper, which the Department follows.

THE CHILD OF A NATURALIZED CITIZEN CLAIMING CITIZENSHIP THROUGH THE NATURALIZATION OF THE FATHER.- In addition to the statements required by rule 3, the applicant must state that he or she is the son or daughter, as the case may be, of the person described in the naturalization certificate, which must be submitted for inspection, and must set forth the facts of his emigration, naturalization, and residence, as required in the rule governing the application of a naturalized citizen.

EXPIRATION OF PASSPort. A passport expires two years from the date of its issuance. A new one will be issued upon a new application, and if the applicant be a naturalized citizen, the old passport will be accepted in lieu of a naturalized certificate, if the application upon which it was issued is found to contain sufficient information as to the emigration, residence, and naturalization of the applicant.

WIFE, CHILDREN, AND SERVANTS.-When an applicant is accompanied by his wife, minor children, or servant, being an American citizen, it will be sufficient to state the fact, giving the respective ages of the children and the citizenship of the servant, when one passport will suffice for all. For any other person in the party a separate passport will be required. A woman's passport may include her minor children and servant under the above-named conditions.

PROFESSIONAL TITLES. inserted in passports.

They will not be

FEE. By act of Congress approved March 23, 1888, a fee of one dollar is required to be collected for every citizen's passport. That amount in currency or postal money order should accompany each application. Orders should be payable to the Disbursing Clerk of the Department of State. Drafts or checks will not be received.

BLANK FORMS OF APPLICATION. They will be furnished by the Department to persons who desire to apply for passports, upon their stating whether they are native or naturalized citizens or claim through the naturalization of husband or father. Forms are not furnished, except as samples, to those who make a business of procuring passports.

ADDRESS. Communications should be addressed to the Department of State, Passport Division, and each communication should give the post office address of the person to whom the answer is to be directed.

THE WIFE OR WIDOW OF A NATURALIZED CITIZEN. In addition to the statements required by rule 3, she must transmit for inspection her husband's naturalization certificate, must state that she is the wife or widow of the person described therein, and must set REJECTION OF APPLICATION. - The Secreforth the facts of his emigration, naturaliza-tary of State may refuse to issue a passport to

anyone who, he has reason to believe, desires | Offices in the District of Columbia, the Railit for an unlawful or improper purpose, or who is unable or unwilling to comply with the rules.

way Mail Service, the Indian Service, the Pension Agencies, the Steamboat Inspection Service, the Marine Hospital Service, the Light-House Service, the Life-Saving Service, UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE. the Revenue Cutter Service, the Mints and The purpose of the Civil Service act, as de- Assay offices, the Sub-Treasuries, the Engiclared in its title, is "to regulate and improve neer Department at large, the Ordnance Dethe Civil Service of the United States." It partment at large, the Land Office Service, and provides for the appointment of three Com- the force employed under Custodians of Pubmissioners, a chief Examiner, a Secretary, and lic Buildings, and in the U. S. Penitentiary at other employees, and makes it the duty of the Leavenworth, Kan. In addition to these are Commissioners to aid the President as he may included all other employees (except laborers request in preparing suitable rules for carrying and persons whose appointments are subject to the act into effect; to make regulations to the consent of the Senate) whose duties are govern all examinations held under the pro- clerical or medical, or who serve as watchmen, visions of the act, and to make investigations messengers, draughtsmen, engineers, firemen, and report upon all matters touching the en- computers, or as superintendents of construcforcement and effect of the rules and regulation, superintendents of repairs, or foremen tions. The address of the Commission is Washington, D. C.

under the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, or who are in any branch of the Treasury Extent of the Service. The number Department not enumerated above. The of persons regularly employed in the Execu- Customs Service includes all officers and emtive Civil Service of the United States is about ployees between the extremes before mentioned 179,000, of whom 80,334 are classified subject who are serving in any customs district. The to competitive examination or registration un- Postal Service includes all similar officers and der the Civil Service act and rules. The total employees at free delivery post offices. The number of persons in the classified Civil Ser- Government Printing Service and the Internal vice (by which is meant all that part of the Revenue Service cover all like positions in the Executive Civil Service embraced within the branches indicated by their designations. provisions of the Civil Service act and rules) Applications.-Persons seeking to be exis 83,817. Of this number 78,728 are classi- amined must file an application blank. The fied by reason of designation, duties performed, blank for the Departmental Service at Washor compensation, and of these 3,483 are re-ington, Railway Mail Service, the Indian quired merely to pass a non-competitive exam-School Service, and the Government Printing ination or are excepted from examination (2,240 Service should be requested directly of the of the latter class being Indians); 5,063 are Civil Service Commission at Washingtou. classified under regulations of the Navy De- The blank for the Customs, Postal, or Internal partment, approved by the Commission and Revenue Service must be requested in writing sanctioned by the President, and 26 are classi- of the Civil Service Board of Examiners at the fied whose appointments are made by the office where service is sought. These papers President solely. The classified Civil Service should be returned to the officers from whom does not include persons whose appointments they emanated. are subject to confirmation by the Senate, or mere laborers or workmen.

Divisions of the Service. The rules require that all that part of the Executive Civil Service of the United States which has been or may hereafter be classified under the Civil Service act shall be arranged in branches as follows: The Departmental Service, the Customs Service, the Postal Service, the Government Printing Service, and the Internal Revenue Service.

The Departmental Service includes all officers and employees who on the one hand are not appointed subject to the consent of the Senate, and on the other hand are above the grade of laborer, and who are serving in or on detail from the Departments, Commissions, and

Applicants for examination must be citizens of the United States, and of the proper age. No person using intoxicating liquors to excess may be appointed. No discrimination is made on account of sex, color, or political or religious opinions. The limitations of age vary with the different services, but do not apply to any person honorably discharged from the military or naval service of the United States by reason of disability resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty.

Examinations.-The applicants to enter the services designated are examined as to their relative capacity and fitness. For ordinary clerical places in the Departmental, Customs, and Internal Revenue Services the examination is confined to orthography, penman

ship, copying, letter writing, and simple arith- cashier only; Indians employed in the Indian metic. Patent examiners are examined in Service at large, except those employed as physics and technics, mathematics, chemistry, superintendents, teachers, teachers of indusand mechanical drawing. Meat inspectors tries, kindergartners, and physicians. In the are examined in letter writing, veterinary latter class are included the following emanatomy and physiology, veterinary pathology, ployees in the Customs and Internal Revenue and meat inspection. One of the tests for post Services: One cashier in each customs district, office and railway mail clerks is an exercise in one chief or principal deputy or assistant colreading manuscript addresses. Specimen sets lector in such district, and one principal of questions will be furnished by the Commis- deputy collector at each sub-port or station; sion upon request. Examinations are held one employee in each Internal Revenue district twice a year in every State and Territory at who shall act as cashier or chief deputy or fixed times and places. All examinations re-assistant collector, as may be determined by late as nearly as possible to the duties to be the Treasury Department; one deputy colperformed, and, whenever practicable, include lector in each Internal Revenue district where experience and practical tests. No applicant the number of employees in the office of the is admitted to an examination in any one of collector exceeds four, and one deputy collector the different recognized trades, such as those in each stamp (or branch) office. in the Government Printing Office, unless he has had five years' experience in his trade, one year of which must have been as a journeyman. This information is obtained by personal questions relating to the applicant's experience at his trade and the certificates of persons who have employed him. No one is certified for appointment whose standing in any examination is less than 70 per centum of complete proficiency, except applicants whose claims for military or naval preference under Section 1,754 R. S. have been admitted. These need obtain but 65. The law also prescribes competitive examinations for promotion in the service. A certificate is given to each person examined, stating whether he passed or failed to pass. For positions in the classified service where technical qualifications are needed special examinations are held. In the Departmental Service they are held for the State Department, the Pension, Patent, and Signal Offices, Geological and Coast Surveys, Engineer Department at large, Ordnance Department at large, etc. For places which do not require technical qualifications the number of applicants is usually excessive, and only those who attain high grades have a good chance for appointment.

Excepted Places.-A number of positions are excepted from examination or are subject only to non-competitive examination. In the former class are included the following positions: Private secretaries and confidential clerks (not exceeding two) to the President or to the head of each of the eight Executive Departments; attorneys or assistant attorneys whose main duties are connected with the management of cases in court; one assistant postmaster, or chief assistant to the postmaster, of whatever designation, at each post office, and one cashier for each first-class post office when employed under the roster title of

Appointments.-Upon the occurrence of a vacancy, the appointment to fill it, if not made by promotion, reduction, transfer, or reinstatement (for all of which provision is made by the Civil Service rules), must be made by selection from the eligibles of highest grade on the appropriate register. In the Executive Departments at Washington and in the Government Printing Office appointments are apportioned among the States and Territories on the basis of population. Every appointment is made for a probationary period of six months. Whenever there are no names of eligibles upon a register for any position in which a vacancy exists, and the public interest requires that it be filled before eligibles can be provided by the Commission, such vacancy may, subject to the approval of the Commission, be filled by appointment without examination and certification until an eligible can be provided by the Commission. The number of women applying for clerical places is greatly in excess of the calls of appointing officers. The positions to which the largest numbers of them are appointed are those of assistant microscopist in the branch offices of the Bureau of Animal Industry at the various stockyards throughout the country, and teachers, matrons, seamstresses, etc., in the Indian Service. ceive appointments as stenographers and typewriters in the Departmental Service, and a few are appointed to technical and professional places.

A few re

Preference Claimants.- Persons who served in the military or naval service of the United States, and were discharged by reason of disabilities resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty, are, under the Civil Service rules, given certain preferences. They are released from all maximum age limitations, are eligible for appointment at a grade of 65, while all others are obliged

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