New York.... Citizen who shall have been a citi- 1 year.. 4 mos... 30 days. 30 days. Convicted and sentenced to a ⚫zen for 90 days prior to election. North Carolina Citizen of the United States...... 1 year.. 90 days. North Dakota Citizen of the United States, alien 1 year.. 6 mos... Ohio. who has declared intention 1 State prison or penitentiary for felony or other infamous crime; persons who have received or offered to receive, or who have paid or promised to pay, compensation for giving or withholding votes, or who have laid any bet or wager upon the result of an election. Convicted of felony or other infamous crime, idiots, lunatics, and those who deny the being of Almighty God. 90 days. Under guardianship, persons non compos mentis, or convicted of felony and treason, unless restored to civil rights. Citizen of the United States (i)... 1 year.. 30 days. 30 days. 20 days. Idiots, insane, and felons. Okla. Territ. (1) Citizen of the United States or 6 mos... 60 days. 60 days. 30 days. Indians having tribal relations. alien who has declared inten 2 yrs (5) 6 mos... Idiots, insane, convicted of felony punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary. 2 mos... Convicted of perjury and fraud as election officers, or bribery of voters. Paupers, lunatics (g). South Carolina Citizen of the United States (7)... 2 years. 1 year.. 4 mos... 4 mos... Convicted of felony, or bribery in elections, unless pardoned, idiots, insane, paupers. South Dakota Citizen of the United States or 6 mos.§ 30 days. 10 days. 10 days. Underguardianship,insane,conI alien who has declared intention (i). victed of treason or felony, unless pardoned, United States soldiers, seamen, and marines. Convicted of bribery or other infamous offense. Idiots, lunatics, paupers, convicted of felony, United States soldiers, marines, and seamen. 60 days. Idiots, insane, convicted of treason or crime against elective franchise, unless pardoned. 3 mos... 30 days. Those who have not obtained the approbation of the board of civil authority of the town in which they reside. 1 year.. 1 year.. 3 mos... 3 mos... Idiots, lunatics (m). 1 year.. 90 days. 30 days. 30 days. Idiots, lunatics, convicted of 1 year.. 60 days. (k) infamous crimes, Indians not taxed. Paupers, idiots, lunatics, convicted of treason, felony, or bribery at elections. Wisconsin.... Citizen of United States or alien 1 year.. 1 year.. 10 days. 10 days. Indians having tribal relations, who has declared intention. Wyoming.... Citizen of the United States, male 1 year.. 60 days. or female. insane, convicted of treason or felony. Idiots, insane, convicted of infamous crimes, unable to read State Constitution. Australian Ballot law or a modification of it in force. Or a person unable to read the Constitution in English and to write his name. Indian must have severed tribal relations. § One year's residence in the United States prior to election required. (a) Or citizens of Mexico who shall have elected to become citizens under the treaties of 1848 and 1854. (b) Women can vote in school elections. (c) Clergymen are qualified after six months' residence in precinct. (d) Also those under guardianship, public embezzlers, guilty of bribery, or dishonorably discharged from the United States service. (e) Only actual residence required. (f) If unable to read and write, as provided by the Constitution, then he shall be entitled to register and vote if he shall, at the time he offers to register, be the bona fide owner of property assessed to him in the State at a valuation of not less than $300 on the assessment roll of the current year in which he offers to register, or on the roll of the preceding year, if the roll of the current year shall not then have been completed and filed, and on which, if such property be personal only, all taxes due shall have been paid. (7) Or persons non compos mentis, convicted of bribery or infamous crime, until restored to right to vote, under guardianship. (h) Except Pueblo Indians, if "acequia" officers. (i) Women can vote in school elections. (J) Owners of real estate, one year. (k) Actual residence in the precinct or district required. () Who has paid six months before election any poll tax then due, and can read and write any section of the State Constitution, or can show that he owns and has paid all taxes due the previous year on property in the State assessed at $300 or more. (m) Or convicted of bribery at election, embezzlement of public funds, treason, felony, and petty larceny, duelists and abettors, unless pardoned by Legislature. Residents of the District of Columbia never had the right to vote therein for national officers, or on other matters of national concern, after it became the seat of the general government. But from 1802 to June 20, 1874, the citizens of Washington, and from January 1, 1790, to said date, the citizens of Georgetown were entitled to vote on municipal subjects and for certain municipal officers; the citizens of the portion of the District outside of Washington and Georgetown were entitled to the same privilege from April 20, 1871, to June 20, 1874, but that suffrage was abolished in the District of Columbia and was rescinded June 20, 1874, by the act of Congress of that date. Gross area includes water as well as land surface. These areas are from the U. S. Census Report of 1890. ↑ Breadth is from east to west. Length is from north to south. The District of Columbia was originally 100 square miles, but 30 miles were receded to Virginia in 1846. § Including the Cherokee Strip and No Man's Land. Breadth from Quoddy Head, in Maine, to Cape Flattery, in Washington; length from the 49th parallel to Brownsville, on the Rio Grande. This is exclusive of Alaska. 97,890 365 275 1,600 The Indian Territory has as yet no organized territorial government. Congress has before it a bill prepared by the Hawaiian Commission providing for a territorial government for Hawaii. STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. Dec. 1, 1900 Nov. 13, 1900 Bien. 50 days. Nov. 6, 1900 $4 per diem Dec. 31, 1900 South Dakota.. 2.500 1222424+42 2 Oct. 1, 1900 4 Jan. 1, 1902 Jan. 11, 1901 Wyoming Mar. 4, 1901 $6 $8 $7 $300 ann. $400 pr ann. 66 46 $5 per diem $5 $4 66 66 Jan. 6, 1900 $5 Nov. 6, 1900 $4 Sept. 4, 1900 $3 66 $500 reg.ses. $5 per diem 4 2,500 FEDERAL BANKRUPTCY ACT. gress has passed four bankruptcy acts, the first The States of the Union have insolvency in the year 1800, which law by its own terms laws, under which debtors conforming to the was limited to five years, but it was repealed, provisions of law can secure a release from nevertheless, in 1803. In 1841 the second debts owed in the State. Only the Federal bankruptcy act was passed, and was repealed Government can enact laws under which in March, 1843. The third bankruptcy act debtors can be discharged from their debts was approved March 2, 1867, and repealed in wherever they are owed. Among the duties 1878. The fourth bankruptcy act was apof Congress is that of providing a uniform proved July 1, 1898, and, in brief, this act system of bankruptcy. Under this power Con- constitutes the district courts of the United -1 States in the several States, the Supreme Court | THE LAW OF TRADE-MARKS. of the District of Columbia, the district courts of the several Territories, and the United States courts in the Indian Territory and the district of Alaska courts of bankruptcy. The law defines acts of bankruptcy as follows:Acts of bankruptcy by a person shall consist of his having (1) conveyed, transferred, concealed, or removed, or permitted to be concealed or removed, any part of his property with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud his creditors, or any of them; or (2) transferred, while insolvent, any portion of his property to one or more of his creditors with intent to prefer such creditors over his other creditors; or (3) suffered or permitted, while insolvent, any creditor to obtain a preference through legal proceedings, and not having at least five days before a sale or final disposition of any property affected by such preference vacated or discharged such preference; or (4) made a general assignment for the benefit of his creditors; or (5) admitted in writing his inability to pay his debts and his willingness to be adjudged a bankrupt on that ground. Any person, firm, or corporation can obtain protection for any lawful trade-mark by complying with the following: 1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the name, residence, and place of business of persons desiring the trade-mark. 2. The class of merchandise and description of the same. 3. A description of the trade-mark itself with facsimiles. 4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used. The following described persons may become bankrupts :— Any person who owes debts, except a corporation, shall be entitled to the benefits of this act as a voluntary bankrupt. Any natural person, except a wage-earner or a person engaged chiefly in farming or the tillage of the soil, any unincorporated company, and any corporation engaged principally in manufacturing, trading, printing, publishing, or mercantile pursuits, owing debts to the amount of one thousand dollars or over, may be adjudged an involuntary bankrupt upon default or an impartial trial, and shall be subject to the provisions and entitled to the benefits of this act. Private bankers, but not national banks or banks incorporated under State or Territorial laws, may be adjudged involuntary bankrupts. The act does not affect the allowance to bankrupts of the exemptions which are prescribed by State laws in force at the time of the filing of a petition in the State wherein they have had their domicile for six months or the greater portion thereof immediately preceding the filing of a petition. The law creates two offices - referees and trustees. The act went into full force and effect upon its passage, that is, July 1, 1898, but no petition for voluntary bankruptcy could be filed within one month of that date, and no petition for involuntary bankruptcy within four months thereof. Proceedings commenced under State insolvency laws before the passage of the act were not affected by it. 5. By payment of the required fee $6.00 for labels and $25 for trade-marks. 6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 7. A lawful trade-mark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the name of a person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thing to which it is applied; of some designated symbol, or of both word and symbol. INTERSTATE COMMERCE LAW. The Interstate Commerce Act is a law passed by Congress in 1887 for the regulation of rates and the management of interstate commerce. It applies to carriers engaged in the transportation of passengers or property wholly by railroad or partly by railroad and partly by water, from one State, Territory, or District of the United States to any other State, Territory, or District, or to or from a foreign country. It provides for the appointment of a board of five commissioners, empowered to inquire into the management of the carriers and determine the reasonableness of their rates. A carrier whose line is entirely within a State is subject to the act so far as it makes or accepts through rates on interstate commerce. Among other things the act requires that all charges shall be just and reasonable; that charges for a shorter distance shall not exceed those for a longer distance on the same line in the same direction, when the circumstances and conditions are similar; that there shall be no unjust discrimination as between persons or classes of traffic or localities, in the charges made, or in the service rendered; that the rates charged for transportation shall be printed, filed with the Commission, and kept for public inspection at the several stations, and that the carriers shall annually make a complete exhibit of their business to the Commission. The act makes exceptions from its provisions of the carriage of property for the United States or for any State or municipal govern ment, or for charitable purposes, or to or from fairs and expositions, and it allows of the issuing of mileage, excursion, or commutation tickets, and admits of the giving of reduced rates to ministers of religion and free transportation to the officers and employees of the carrier, and to the principal officers of other carriers. BUSINESS LAW AND FORMS. Agency.-"Whatever business a man may do, he may employ another man to do for him." An agency may exist by Implication, Verbally, or by Writings. By implication when the acts and words lead people in general to believe that the agency exists. Verbally, whenever there is only the verbal agreement between the parties. A verbal agency permits the agent to make a contract even in cases where the contract must be in writing. By writings, as notes, memoranda or formal instruments under seal. The authority conveyed must be equal to the deed to be performed. The instrument of agency must be under seal when the convey- | ance requires a seal. When the business to be transacted does not require a seal, the instrument of agency need not be under seal. Kinds.-General agents; special agents; professional agents. A general agent is empowered to transact all the business of a particular kind. He may bind his principal, generally, with innocent parties so long as he keeps within the apparent scope of his authority, even if he exceeds private instructions. A special agent is one invested with limited powers for the performance of some especial business. He cannot bind his principal whenever he exceeds his authority. Who deals with a special agent, deals at his peril, when the agent passes the limit of his power. Professional agents, as attorneys, brokers, captains, auctioneers, factors, etc., are usually licensed by competent authority to transact a particular kind of business. They are invested with ample power and the law holds them responsible for the proper performance of their duties. Liabilities of Principal.-Private instructions to a general agent do not avoid the principal's liability to innocent parties. A principal is responsible for fraud on the part of the agent, if permitted while transacting his business. A principal is not bound by the acts of a special agent who exceeds his authority. A principal is not generally liable for the willful wrong done by his agent. Forms of Powers of Attorney.— Know all men by these presents: That I, A. B., of . . . . have made, constituted, and appointed, and by these presents do make, constitute, and appoint B. C., of my true and lawful attorney, for me and in my name and stead (state purpose for which issued), giving and granting to my said attorney, by these presents, full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and thing necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as I might or could do if personally present, hereby ratifying and confirming all that my said attorney shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. ..... In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this. day of A. D. 189. . A. B. [L. S.] Sealed and delivered in the presence of B. C. Married women, lunatics, and minors, in general, are disqualified from appointing agents, but a married woman in the State of New York, if over twenty-one years, may appoint an agent the same as though unmarried. A minor may authorize an agent to perform an act that is to his advantage, but not that is to his prejudice. Deeds. The grantor is the person who makes the conveyance and the grantee is the person who receives the conveyance. tials. A deed, being a contract, has the same essenIn most States married women may convey real estate which they own in their own right. A partner cannot convey real estate belonging to the firm unless empowered by special authority from the partners to do so. Consideration.-A sufficient consideration is necessary to a valid deed. (See consideration under contracts.) Subject-matter.-The description of the land and its boundaries should be extremely accurate. The usual words of the transfer are "give, grant, sell, and convey," though any others conveying the same idea could be used. Land sold without reserving any crops at that time growing on it, conveys the crops or everything attached to the land. When a building is sold it conveys everything that belongs to it. The words heirs and assigns are necessary in some States to convey an unconditional title. nants. Forms of Deeds.--Deed with full cove(New York Laws of 1890.) This indenture, made the . . day of . . . in the year between A. B., of (give occupation and residence), of the first part, and C. D., of .... (occupation and residence), of the second part. |