University Extension has for its object 1827, after a rather stormy period, during the provision of the means of higher educa- which the college was at times greatly embartion for persons of all classes, and of both rassed for money, and in 1828 Rev. Steven sexes engaged in the regular occupations of Chapin, D.D., was chosen his successor. The life." This movement commenced with the presidents since that time have been: Rev. University of Cambridge in 1872, and was Joel S. Bacon, D.D., elected 1843; Rev. subsequently taken up by Oxford University, Joseph G. Binney, D.D., elected 1855; Rev. the London Society for the extension of Uni- George W. Samson, D.D., elected 1859; James versity Teaching, Dublin University, Owens C. Welling, LL.D., elected 1871; Benaiah L. College, Manchester, the Scottish Universities, Whitman, M.A., D.D., LL.D., elected 1895. the University of Sydney, New South Wales, March 3, 1873, Congress passed an act supand the Chautauqua Home Reading Club in plemental to the organic act of 1821, providthe United States. In 1890 Cambridge, Ox-ing that the corporation "shall hereafter be ford, and the London Society had two hundred known and called by the name of the Columbian and twenty-seven centers, seventy-nine lec- University." In 1879 it was decided to remove turers, and 40,336 students attending lectures. all departments of the University into the heart The lecture study system was organized in the of Washington, and in 1884 the present uniUnited States at the University of Pennsylva- versity buildings, at the corner of 15th and H nia. Other institutions, notably the Uni- streets, were occupied by the academic, law, versity of Chicago and the University of Wis- and scientific schools of the University. consin, have engaged in the work, and many centers for lectures and study in history, science, art, and literature have been formed. Columbian University, Washington, D. C., originated with the Rev. Luther Rice, who, in 1819, with a number of associates, paid $7,000 for a tract of land adjoining the city of Washington, with the understand ing that it should be held for higher educational purposes. John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, thirty-two members of Congress, and leading citizens of Washington, were among the contributors to this fund. A charter was procured from Congress in February, 1821, during the presidency of James Monroe, "erecting the Columbian College in the District of Columbia." The construction of a college building had been commenced in 1820, and it was completed in 1822, at a cost of $35,000. Dr. Stoughton, a native of England, and an eminent pulpit orator, was the first president of the institution. Agents were sent to Europe, and among the contributors to the founding of the college were several Englishmen prominent in politics and literature, including the chancellor of the exchequer and Sir James Mackintosh, the historian. The first commencement of the college was held December 15, 1824, and was attended by the President of the United States and members of both Houses of Congress and General Lafayette; a formal address of welcome being made to General Lafayette by the president of the college. Upon the conclusion of the exercises, General Lafayette and his suite, Secretary John Quincy Adams, Secretary John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and other distinguished citizens dined with the faculty and board of trustees at the house of President Stoughton. Dr. Stoughton resigned the presidency in John Quincy Adams was among the earliest friends of the college to lend aid during its periods of financial need. He loaned it $18,000, a part of which debt he remitted. From 1835 to 1861 John Withers of Virginia made frequent gifts to cancel debts, to repair buildings, and for general purposes, amounting in the aggregate to nearly $70,000. In 1865 William W. Corcoran presented the college with a building for its Medical School, valued at $30,000. His subsequent gifts have reached about $150,000, in grateful memory of which was established, in 1884, the Corcoran Scientific School. The University comprises the following divisions: The Columbian College, the Corcoran Scientific School, the School of Graduate Studies, the Law School, the School of Jurisprudence and Diplomacy, the Medical School, the Dental School, the Graduate Veterinary School, and the Summer School. In 1898, as an organic part of the University, there was established a School of Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplomacy, the first of that character in the United States. Such a school had been a long cherished hope of the University authorities, and owed its germinal concep tion to a former president of the University, James Clarke Welling, LL.D. The design of the school is to afford a training in the subjects of higher legal knowledge, comparative government, applied economics, and the history, science, and practice of diplomacy. Two courses are now given, leading respectively to the degrees Doctor of Civil Law (D. C. L.) and Master of Diplomacy (M. Dip.), depending upon the emphasis awarded to jurisprudence or diplomatic studies. The lecturers, together with their assignment of subjects, are as follows: — Benaiah L. Whitman, D.D., LL.D., Presi- | fourth century a canon of the first council of dent; Political History and Science. Constantinople, held in 381, assures to it, on Charles W. Needham, LL.D., Dean; The the ground that Constantinople is the "new Common Law; Transportation and Commerce. Rome, the precedence of honor next after Hon. John M. Harlan, LL.D., Conflict of the ancient Rome. The present total number Laws; Comparative Constitutional Law. of adherents of the Greek Church is about Hon. David J. Brewer, LL.D., International | 90,000,000. Law. Hon. John W. Foster, LL.D., Diplomacy and Treaties of the United States. Hon. David Jayne Hill, LL.D., European Diplomacy and Treaties. Hon. William Wirt Howe, LL.D., Ancient, Roman, Mediaval Law; Modern Civil Law. Hon. Lyman J. Gage, LL.D., Lecturer on Public Finance. Hon. William P. Wilson, Sc.D., International Trade and Commercial Geography. Joseph French Johnson, B.A., Money, Credits, and Foreign Exchange. Hon. Edward H. Strobel, M.A., LL.B., Lecturer on the Jurisprudence of France and Spain. Hon. Martin A. Knapp, LL.D., Lecturer on Interstate Commerce Law. Hon. Carroll D. Wright, PH.D., LL.D., Social Economics and Statistics. Special lecturers are provided upon the Jurisprudence of England, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, who are authorities in their respective subjects. Greek Church, The, taken in its widest sense, comprehends all those Christians following the Greek, or Greco-Slavonic rite, who receive the first seven General Councils, but reject the authority of the Roman pontiff and the later councils of the Western church. The Greek Church calls itself "The Holy Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church," and includes three distinct branches - the church within the Ottoman empire, subject directly to the Patriarch of Constantinople; the church in the kingdom of Greece; and the Russo-Greek Church in the dominions of the czar. The proper history of the Greek Church, as a separate body, dates from the commencement of the Greek schism, or, rather, from the commencement of the efforts on the part of the Church of Constantinople to establish for itself a distinct jurisdiction and an independent headship in the eastern division of the empire. The ecclesiastical preeminence of Constantinople followed upon the political distinction to which it rose as the seat of the imperial residence and the center of the imperial government. Originally Byzantium (called Constantinople after 330 A. D.) was but a simple episcopal see, but the rank rose with the fortunes of the city; and before the close of the College de France, founded by Francis I., 1530, is now a very important educational institution, giving instruction over a very wide field of literature, history, and science. It is independent of the University of France, directly under the Minister of Public Instruction, and is supported by the government. As in the Sorbonne, the lectures are gratuitous, and for the most part are designed to attract auditors older than ordinary university students. The College comprises two faculties, one literary, one scientific; each has about twenty professors. Among the professors are some of the most distinguished scholars and scientists in France. The subjects mainly covered are political economy, Assyrian and Egyptian archæology, Arabic, Slavonic literature, French literature, physiology, anatomy, and embryology. Escurial, The, is a famous monastery of New Castile, Spain, in the province of Madrid. This solitary pile of granite has been called the eighth wonder of the world, and at the time of its erection surpassed every building of the kind in size and magnificence. It owes its origin, it is said, to an inspired vow made by Philip II. during the battle of St. Quentin. On that occasion he implored the aid of St. Lorenzo, on whose day the battle was fought; and vowed that should victory be granted to him he would dedicate a monastery to the saint. The Escurial was begun in 1563 and finished in 1584, and was intended to serve as a palace, mausoleum, and monastery. It has a splendid chapel, with three naves. The Pantheon, or royal tomb, is a magnificently decorated octagonal chamber, in the eight sides of which are numerous black marble sarcophagi. Something of the immensity of the Escurial may be conceived when it is stated that it has 14,000 doors, and 11,000 windows, and its cost was 6,000,000 ducats, or nearly $14,000,000. Its library, previous to the sack of the Escurial by the French in 1808, contained 30,000 printed and 4,300 manuscript volumes, mainly treasures of Arabic literature. In 1872 the Escurial was struck by lightning and partially destroyed. Jewish Temple, The, at Jerusalem, was erected by Solomon, and, from the descriptions which have come down to us, probably equaled in magnificence and dimensions any similar building in the ancient world. The influence of the Assyrian and Egyptian styles of architecture was probably exhibited in its construction, and at no time did the Jews possess a style which might be called their own. It was consecrated 1004 B. C.; pillaged by Shishak, 971; restored by Joash, 856; polluted by Ahaz, 740; again restored by Hezekiah, 726; pillaged and burned by Nebuchednezzar, 588-587; rebuilt, 536, at the period of the return from captivity; pillaged by Antiochus, 168; rebuilt by Herod, 18; and finally destroyed by Titus, A. D. 70. Its supposed site is now covered by the Mosque of Omar. GLOSSARY OF ART AND MUSI CAL TERMS. Accompaniment. A secondary part added to the principal for the improvement of the general effect. Acanthus. A plant, the ornamental foliage of which is largely employed for architectural decoration, especially on the Corinthian capital. There are two principal species, acanthus mollis and acanthus spinosa, the latter somewhat resembling a thistle. Acropolis. A fortified city, or the fortified part of a city, on the summit of a hill. Adagio. A slow movement. Ad Libitum. Implies that the time of the movement is left to the discretion of the performer. Allegretto. With cheerful quickness. Amphiprostyle. A Greek temple, having two open porticos in front and rear projecting beyond the side walls. Amphitheater. A building for gladiatorial and other shows, generally elliptical in form. Amphora. A wide earthenware jar with two han dles. Andante. Somewhat sedate; slowly. Animato, Animaso, or Con Animata. Animated; with spirit. Angels. In mediæval art divided into nine degrees: Seraphim, Domination, Princedom, Cherubim, Virtues, Archangels, Thrones, Powers, Angels. The Cupid-like angels were only introduced in the time of the Renas cence. Antae. Rectangular pilasters forming the ends of the walls of the cella of a Greek temple, and supporting the extremities of the architrave. A temple of this form was called a temple" in antis. Annulus, l Rings of moldings above the lower part Annulet. of the echinus of Doric capitls. cornice and on the ridge of the roof of Greek temples. Antefixa. Terra cotta ornaments placed above the Apse. The extremity of a church, generally semicircular in form and surmounted by a semi-dome. Aquatint. A process of engraving by acid laid on in even washes with a brush, upon a broken surface formed by a crackled film of resin on the copper. Arabesque. An ornament composed of stems, foliage, leafage of plants, scrolls, and fantastic animals. Not, as its name implies, an Arab invention but found in Greek and Roman architecture. cade. A series of arches. Arch. A curved structure, generally a segment or segments of the circle. Semicircular arches were used by the Romans; horseshoe arches by the Byzantines and Moors; pointed arches formed of two intersecting segments of circles by the Gothic builders. Archaic. The early period of art when forms were stiff, conventional, and symbolic. Architrave. The horizontal part of a structure resting immediately on the capital of column or pilaster. Assai. Very; used as an adverb with another word. Astragal. A small semicircular molding at the top of a column beneath the capital, also used to divide the architrave horizontally into parts. Named, from its supposed resemblance to a row of knucklebones. A Temp. In regular time. Atlantes. Human male figures, employed instead of columns to support the architrave. Atrium. A covered court in a Roman house, with an opening in the center (compluvium) and roof sloping inwards. Baldachino. A canopy over seats and other places of honor. Barrel Vault. A vault of cylindrical form. Base. The lower division of a column on which the shaft is placed; absent in the Doric order. Basilica. A rectangular hall divided by rows of columns into three naves, and used by the Romans as a court of justice. Adopted as the typical form of early Christian churches. Bas Relief. (Basso relievo.) Figures sculptured on panel projecting less than half their proportions from the surface. Bastion. A projecting polygonal buttress on a fortification. Battlement. A parapet of a fortification, consisting of alternate raised portions and spaces, the latter called crenels or embrasures. Bay. A portion of a structure marked off by the division of the vaulting, the arches, or the buttresses. Beat. An indication of a certain duration of time. Ben. Implying well, as ben marcato. Body Color. In water-color painting, color made opaque by intermixture with white. Boss. An architectural ornament of ceilings, placed generally where the ribs of the vault meet. Buttress. A piece of wall built at right angles to the wall of a building to strengthen the structure, either immediately against the wall or connected by an arch called a flying buttress. Byzantine. The style of architecture and painting in use at Constantinople from the sixth to the twelfth century Calando. A gradual diminution in speed and tone. Caduceus. A wand of laurel or olive on which two snakes are intertwined; the emblem of Hermes. Capital. The, usually ornamented, member which crowns the top of a column or pillar, and by the form of which the different orders are characterized. Caryatides. Female figure, employed instead of columns to support the architrave. Cella. The internal part inclosed by the walls of a Greek temple. Chromatic. Proceeding or formed by semi-tones. Chevron. A zigzag molding used in Romanesque architecture. Chevet. A form of apse inclosed by an arcade with a series of chapels round it, common in Romanesque and Gothic churches in France. Chiaro-oscuro. The distribution of light and shade. Cinquefoil. An ornamental foliation, consisting of five projecting cusps. Clerestory. The row of windows forming the third or upper division of the nave wall of a church, rising above the roof of the outer portion of the structure. Cloister. A quadrangular covered walk, forming a portion of a monastic building. shafts clustered together, either united, or separate. Clustered Column. A pier formed by a number of Con. With; as Con expressione. Column. A column consists of three principal parts: base, shaft, and capital. Composite. The last of the five Roman architectural orders, formed by the combination of the Ionic volute with the foliage capital of the Corinthian. Corinthian. The third order in the Roman classification, of Greek origin. Shaft slender and smooth; capital richly decorated with acanthus leaf ornaments. Cornice. The horizontal molded projection terminating a building. Corona. A molding forming part of a conical, with lower part grooved to form a dripstone. Crescendo. A gradual increase in tone. Cusp. Pointed foliations in architectural tracery. Cyma. An undulated molding, formed of a concave and convex arc. When the upper arc is convex it is called cyma reversa; when the upper is hollow, it is called cyma recta. Dentils. Ornaments in the form of small cubes or teeth. Diaper. A mode of decoration by a repeated pattern. Doloroso. In a melancholy, sad style. Doric. The oldest and simplest of the Greek orders of architecture. Dormer. A gable window in the sloping side of a roof. Dry-Point. Direct engraving upon copper with the etching needle. Echinus. The ovolo molding of a capital. Elevation. The vertical plan of a building. Entablature. The horizontal superstructure which lies upon the columns in classic architecture. Entasis. The swelling of the shaft of a column. Epinaos. The portico situated at the back of a temple. Espressivo, or Con Espressione. With expression. Etching. Engraving by the action of acid on a copperplate covered with a wax ground on which lines have been scratched by the etching needle. Facade. The face or front of a building. Fan Tracery. Elaborate carved work spread over an arched surface. Loggia. The gallery or corridor of a palace. Lotus. A water lily. In Egypt and India held sacred. Marcato. In a marked manner. Mansard. A roof with two sets of rafters of which the upper part is less steep than the lower. Named after a French architect. Marquetry. Inlaid work of ornamental woods and stones of various colors. Mausoleum. (1) The tomb of Mausolus, king of Caria. (2) Any tomb of imposing size and magnificence.. Meme. The same. Mezzo. In a medium degree; as mezzo forte. Medallion. A circular or oval tablet on the face of a building. Metope. A kind of panel between the triglyphs in the Doric frieze. Mezzo Relievo. Sculpture in relief in which half of the figure projects. Mezzo Tinto. A method of engraving by smoothing away the lights from a ground mechanically roughened, Moderato. Moderately. Molto. Very; as molto forte. Movimento. Movement; time. Monolith. An object formed of a single block of stone. minute pieces of hard substances of different colors. Mosaic. Animitation of painting by joining together Mullion. The slender pieces which separate a window into compartments. Mutule. An architectural ornament of the Doric order, consisting of a square block placed at equal in tervals in a Doric cornice. Naos. The interior apartment of a Greek temple. Nave. The middle part or body of a church from the choir to principal entrance between the aisles. Nimbus. A halo or circular disk around the head of sacred personages. After the eighth century, living persons were in Italy distinguished by a square nimbus, which sometimes assumes the form of a scroll partly unrolled. The heads of statues of gods and of Roman emperors were decorated with a crown of rays. The same is found in the Oriental representation of Buddha. Obbligato. An essential portion of a composition. Ogee. An arch described with four centers so as to be concave in lower and convex in upper part. Ogive. A pointed arch. Order, An, in architecture consists of two parts: the one, vertical, consisting of a column and its base and capital; the other, a horizontal entablature, consisting of architrave, frieze, and cornice. The word is only used when the order is one of the five whose dimensions and details were fixed and defined by Palladio and other architects of the sixteenth century; these are the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan (supposed to be a simpler form of Doric), and Composite (a Roman modification of Cor Helix. A small volute like the tendril of a vine inthian).' placed under the Corinthian abacus. Hypostyle. A roof supported by columns. Oriel. A projecting angular window, generally triangular or pentagonal in shape. Öttava, or 8va. An octave. Ovolo. A convex molding much used in classical architecture. Plinth. The lower projecting base of a column. Poco a poco. Gradually; by a regular gradation. Pomposo. Pompously. Precipitato. Very quickly; hurriedly. Premiere. First; as première fois; first time. Primo. First, as violino primo, first violin. Pronaos. The portico situated in front of a temple. Propylaea. Gateway or entrance to an Egyptian temple. Quasi. In the manner of; like. Quieto. With repose, quietly. the first note of the following, thus forming one prolonged note with a duration equal to the two. Syncopate. In a syncopated style. Tanto or Ton. Not so much. Taenia. A band which separates the Doric frieze from the architrave. Tempo Comodo. Conveniently. Tempera. Painting with pigments mixed with chalk or clay, and diluted with size. Theme. A subject. Thalamus. The nuptial chamber in a Rome house. Tremendi. With terrific expression. Tremando, Tremolo. The rapid striking of a note Quatrefoil. An ornament in pointed architecture, so as to produce a tremulous effect. consisting of four foils. Rapido. Rapidly. Rinforzando. Kinf. or Rf., with increase. Ritenente, Ritenato. Decreasing in speed. Rococo. A style of decoration distinguished by a superfluity of confused and discordant detail. Romanesque. The debased style of architecture and ornament adopted in the later Roman empire, and the styles founded upon it. Rose Window. A large, circular window divided into compartments by curved mullions. Rubble. Rough stones and broken bricks, used to fill up between walls. Rustication. Hewn stone masonry, the joints of which are rendered conspicuous by grooves or channels. Sarcophagus. A stone coffin. Scumbling. The process of going over a painting with a brush, nearly dry, to soften and blend the tints. Segno. Sign, as al segno, go back to sign. Sempre. Always, as sempre piano. Serioso. Seriously. Shaft. The body of a column. Solo, Sola. Alone. A composition rendered by one person. Sostenuto or Sost. Prolonged, sustained. Sphinx. A human head on a lion's body, typifying the union of intellectual and physical power. An Egyptian emblem, signifying the religious mystery. Staccato. Each note to be distinctly marked. Stesso. The same. Stylobate. The common base of a row of columns. Syncopation. Connecting the last note of a bar with Trille, or Trillo. A trill or shake. Trio. A composition for three performers. Triplet. A group of three notes equal in duration of time to two notes of the same value. Tracery. Geometrical ornament. the choir, and crossing the longitudinal nave of a church. Transept. A transverse nave, passing in front of Transom. The horizontal cross bar in a window. Trefoil. An ornament of three foils. Triforium. The second or middle story of the nave ceiling of the side aisle and below its roof. wall of a Gothic church, consisting of a gallery over the Triglyph. An ornament, consisting of three flutings or upright groupings, separating the metopes in a Doric frieze. Triptych. A form of pictures in three panels. Tympanum. The triangular space between the horizontal and sloping cornices. The name is also given to the space included between the lintel of a door and the arch over it. |