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them. As such files are very expensive to bind and shelve, care should be taken to choose for preservation only those actually needed, and especially those which from their general character, indexes, etc. are most likely to be useful. To make intelligent use of newspapers the reference worker needs the same type of reference aids that he needs for periodicals, i. e., (1) indexes, (2) bibliographies and (3) lists of other libraries. These differ however in some ways from the corresponding aids for periodicals. There is for example no general index to newspapers similar to Poole. Such a work would be a practical impossibility, and moreover is not needed. in just the same way as an index to periodicals. Newspapers all publish reports of any event of general interest, at approximately the same time, generally one day after it occurred, and the substance of such information is largely the same in all important papers. The date of any event is the clue needed and an index of dates, or an index to any one newspaper will furnish a workable index to all newspapers for subjects of general interest. This, of course, is not true of purely local or special articles.

NEWSPAPER INDEXES

AMERICAN AND ENGLISH Index to dates of current events, 1911-13. N. Y. Bowker, 1912–14. 3 v. 24cm. $4 per year. 070

Monthly, with quarterly and semi-annual cumulations. Arranged alphabetically by subjects and names, followed by date of occurrence of each event. The annual cumulation is included in the American library annual, and is not published separately. While this index does not refer directly to newspapers the fact that it gives the dates of all events listed makes it serviceable as an index to all newspapers as far as general news is concerned. It cannot of course be used as an index for local news not of general interest or for special articles or editorials. For a similar index before 1911 see the Index to dates included as part of the Annual literary index 1892-1904 and the Annual library index 1905-1910. Discontinued after 1914 and succeeded by the following:

Information annual, a continuous cyclopedia and digest of current events. 1915-.

N. Y. Bowker, 1916–. v. 1-. 25em 031 Issued in three forms or sections: (1) monthly, (2) quarterly, (3) annual, which can be subscribed for separately or in combination. Price, monthly $3 a year, quarterly $2, monthly and quarterly $4, monthly, quarterly and annual $6, annual alone $4.

A continuation and expansion of the Index to dates. Gives in addition to date a concise descriptive summary of each event and so serves the double purpose of newspaper index and encyclopedia of current events. A very useful compilation.

New York Times index. v. 1-4, 1913-16. N. Y. New York Times, 1913-16. 28cm. $8. per year; paper, $6. per year. 071

A carefully made quarterly index, with entries under small subjects, exact reference to date, page and column, and plentiful cross references to names and related topics. The brief synopses of articles answer some questions without reference to the paper itself. Each volume consists of four parts.

New York Tribune. New-York daily tribune index for 1875-1906. N. Y. Tribune assoc. 1876-[1907] 31 v. 19-20cm. annual. $1 per vol.

071

No more published. A much briefer index than the N. Y. Times index but useful while it lasted.

Times, London, Official index, 190616. Lond. Times off., 1907-16. 15 v. 25cm. £5 5s. per yr. 072 Issued annually, 1906-13; semiannually, Jan.June 1914; quarterly, July 1914

Title varies: 1906-13, The annual index to the Times. 1914 The official index to the Times.

Minute alphabetical index referring to date, page and column. Volumes for 1906-13 form the annual cumulation of the monthly index published 1906June 1914 and then discontinued.

- Palmer's index to the Times newspaper. 1828-1910. Lond. Palmer, 18681910. 21cm. 10s. per vol.

Quarterly beginning with the index covering Oct.Dec. 1867, pub. in 1868. The indexes for preceding volumes have been issued in the reverse order, from 2 to 11 a year, beginning with the one covering July-Sept. 1867, pub. in 1875.

Title-page reads, July 1828-Dec. 1896: Index to the Times newspaper. Caption and running title: Palmer's index to the Times newspaper.

Much briefer than the Official index noted above.

GERMAN

Halbmonatliches verzeichnis von aufsätzen aus deutschen zeitungen in sachlich-alphabetischer anordnung, mit jahres gesamt sach-und-verfasser-register, 1909– 15, v. 1-7. Gautzsch, Dietrich, 1909–13.

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7 v. (Bibliographie d. deutschen zeitschriftenliteratur, v. 23A, 25A, 27A, 29A, 31A, 34A, 36A) v. 1-4, 20m. ea.; v. 5, 21.25m.; v. 6, 26.25m.; v. 7, 22.50m.

073 A fortnightly index of the principal articles in about 50 German and Austrian newspapers, with an annual subject and author index to the volume. The volumes run Oct.-Sept.

NEWSPAPER CATALOGS

Ayer, Mary Farwell. Check-list of Bosbiblioton newspapers, 1704-1780, with graphical notes by Albert Matthews. [Boston, The Society, 1907] 527 p. 25cm. (Publications of the Colonial society of Massa016.07 chusetts, v. 9. Collections) $3.50.

Contents: (1) Chronological list of titles, Alphabetical list, List by years; (2) Check-list, listing all issues in 14 American libraries, p. 13-400; (3) Bibliographical notes, by Albert Matthews, p. 401508; (4) Index.

Pro

Brigham, Clarence S. Bibliography of American newspapers 1690-1820. Pts. 1-4 (in American antiquarian society. ceedings. n. s. 23:247-403, 24:363-449, 25: 128-293, 396-501)

Arranged alphabetically by states and towns. Pts. 1-4 Alabama-Massachusetts (except Boston). To be completed in about eight installments in the Proceedings and then to be reprinted in one volume with historical introduction and index. No reprints of installments are available.

"Attempts, first, to present a historical sketch of every newspaper printed in the United States from 1690 to 1820; secondly to locate all files found in the various libraries of the country; and thirdly to give a complete check list of the issues in the library of the American antiquarian society."

The historical sketch of each paper gives title, date of establishment, names of editors or publishers, frequency, date of discontinuance, and attempts to give date of changes in title, frequency or publisher. In the case of common papers only location of long files is noted, but rare newspapers are minutely listed.

Library of Congress. Check-list of American newspapers in the Library of Congress, comp. under the direction of A. B. Slauson. Wash. Govt. print. off. 1901. 292 leaves. 30cm. 60 cts. 016.071 Arranged by states and towns and under each Gives for town alphabetically by catchword title.

each paper exact title, frequency, often politics and date of founding, and exact statement of Library of Congress files.

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Printed on rectos only; left side of page. Arranged geographically by places of publication and under each place alphabetically by catchword title of the newspaper. Gives for each paper exact statement of Library of Congress files. Includes many titles which are really periodicals rather than newspapers.

New Jersey historical society. Some account of American newspapers, particularly of the 18th century, and libraries in 22cm. which they may be found. v. 1-3. Paterson, Press pr. and pub. co. 1894–97. (In its New Jersey archives. 1894-97. Ser. 974.9 1, v. 11, 12, 19) Contents: v. 1, Alabama-Maryland; v. 2, Massachusetts; v. 3, Michigan-New Hampshire.

New York. Public library. Check-list of newspapers and official gazettes in the New York public library; comp. by Daniel C. Haskell. N. Y. Public library, 1915. 016.07 579 p. 25cm. $1.20.

Reprinted from the New York public library, Bulletin, July-Dec. 1914 and July 1915.

Includes all the newspapers and official gazettes in possession of the library at the end of 1914.

Contains three lists: (1) the main list arranged alphabetically by cities in which the papers are pubfished, with exact statement of issues in the library; (2) an alphabetical title index; (3) a chronological index.

Virginia state library. List of newspapers in the Virginia state library, Confederate museum and Valentine museum. Richmond, 1912. p. 285-425. 23cm. (Virginia state library. Bulletin, v. 5, no. 4) 016.071

Contents: (1) Newspapers, arranged first by libraries and secondly by towns; (2) Union list for the three libraries, arranged by states; (3) Chronological list of titles.

Wisconsin state historical society. Li

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brary. Annotated catalog of newspaper files in the library. 2d ed. Madison, Society, 1911. 591 p. 23cm. $1.50. 016.07

Arranged alphabetically by states, subdivided by towns. Gives statement of library files and some information about date of establishment of newspaper, founder's name, editor's names, etc. Includes not only newspapers in the ordinary acceptation of the term but also all journals that are organs of societies, trades or special interests.

Yale university. Library. List of newspapers in the Yale university library. New Haven, Yale univ. press, 1916. 216 p. 23cm. $3. 016.07

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- Supplement 1900-1910. Chic. A.L.A. publishing board, 1914. 223 p. 27cm. $4. A subject index which attempts to do for books of essays and general literature what Poole's index does for periodicals.

"The general purpose was to index as far as possible all books common to our libraries which treat several subjects under one title and to the contents of which the ordinary catalogue furnishes no guide, although they are generally treated analytically in the more elaborate catalogues, and to save libraries in the future from the necessity of repeating each for itself the analytical work."Preface.

The second edition indexes books belonging to the following classes: (1) Essays and similar collections of critical biographical and other monographs; (2) Books of travel and general history whose chapters or parts are worthy of separate reference; (3) Reports and publications of boards and associations dealing with sociological matters, and publications of historical and literary societies; (4) Many miscellaneous books and some public docu

ments.

Includes only books in English and books found in most libraries. Indexing is by catchword subjects, not catalog subjects. The second edition was supplemented by the annual Index to general literature, included in the Annual literary (library) index 1900-1910. These annual supplements are now superseded by the Supplement 1900-10 which cumulates all the material for the annual lists and adds reference from 125 new books not previously indexed adding a total of over 500 books to the several thousand covered by the main work. An informal supplement is found in the 2d and 3d five-yearly volumes of the Readers' guide, 1905-14,

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"The chief aim of the work is not to give everything which appears in a select number of works on a few selected subjects, but rather to cover as many subjects as possible, and give a few references to each one."-Preface.

The indexes described above cover a considerable portion of the composite books in English most commonly found in medium-sized libraries but omit many older and less common works which are quite as valuable though found in fewer libraries. Analytic subject references to the contents of many such books and also analytic author and title references to important collections, both English and foreign may be found in printed catalogs of certain libraries, such as the Peabody institute, the Boston Athenæum, the London library, etc. For full description of these catalogs see under Library catalogs, p. 194.)

The index volume to Brewer's World's best essays (see under Literature, p. 107) is often useful for material not covered by the A.L.A. index.

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A useful handbook, when briefs only are wanted, containing briefs for the affirmative and negative, but no bibliographies, for some 164 questions of current interest. Briefs are written by an English lawyer, and pros and cons of the same question are arranged in parallel columns for ease of comparison. Written from the English point of view, so some of the topics included are of less interest outside of the United Kingdom.

Debaters' handbook series. White Plains, N. Y. Wilson, 1911-16. 31 V. $1. ea.

808.5

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Edited by E. R. Nichols. Each volume contains: 1, Intercollegiate debates, with bibliographies; 2, Appendices: (1) List of intercollegiate debating organizations; (2) Record of schools engaged in forensic contests, coaches, questions, decisions (arranged by states); (3) Table showing number of times various questions have been debated during the year covered; (4) List of general references on argumentation and debating; 3, Indexes, i. e. both an index to the volume and a general index to the set. List of appendices varies somewhat in the different volumes.

Gives, for each of the topics included, reports (not briefs) of the debate, date of debate, colleges and debaters participating, and decision.

Kleiser, Grenville. Kleiser's complete guide to public speaking, comprising extracts from the world's great authorities upon public speaking, oratory, preaching, platform and pulpit delivery, voice building and management, argumentation, debate, reading, rhetoric, expression, gesture, composition. N. Y. Funk, 1915. 639 p. 25cm. $5.

808.5

Phelps, Edith M. Debaters' manual. White Plains, N. Y., Wilson, 1915. 172 p. 20cm. (Debaters' handbook series) $1.

808.5

Appendices include a selected bibliography, an index to debate material, and a list of debating or ganizations.

Robbins, Edwin Clyde. The high school debate book. Chic. McClurg, 1911. 229 p. 18cm. $1. 808.5

Contains eighteen briefs on subjects of current interest, with good bibliographies. Preliminary chapters give helpful suggestions for the preparation of briefs and speeches. Contains also a model con

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DISSERTATIONS

Catalogs or bibliographies of dissertations are extremely important reference tools in certain types of libraries, although almost negligible in other types. Dissertations or theses presented by candidates for the doctorate form a very special class of publications. As such degrees are given only for original work, each thesis must deal with some phase of a subject which has not been previously covered by a printed work. Each thesis therefore at the date of its publication is usually the only thing in print on that particular phase of its subject and its value to the reader interested in that subject is obvious. While some dissertations are issued by regular publishers and so appear in the ordinary trade bibliographies, most are privately printed and are listed only in the special bibliographics of dissertations. These bibliographies have therefore a distinct value in librai which make much use of thesis materiali. e., the large reference, special, and versity libraries, and serve the following purposes: (1) to show the student who is trying to select a thesis subject whether

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Library of Congress. List of American doctoral dissertations printed in 1912-14.* Wash. Govt. print. off. 1913-15. 23cm. 30 cts. per vol.

v. 1-3.

378.73

Contents of each volume: (1) Alphabetic list of theses printed during the year; (2) Classified list, arranged under the broad classes of the Library of Congress scheme; (3) Index of subjects; (4) Doctors whose theses have been printed during the year, arranged by institutions.

Lists 1 and 2 give full catalog information and, in case of reprints, indicate the periodical or other publication in which the thesis was first printed. Includes the theses of about 25 colleges and universities. The introduction in v. 1 gives titles of earlier printed lists of American theses.

FRENCH

France. Ministère de l'instruction pu'ique et des beaux-arts. Catalogue des lèses et écrits académiques. Années scoCet laires 1884-1913. Paris, Hachette, 18851914.* v. 1-6. 24-27cm. 1.25 fr. per yr. 378.44

Issued annually, 5 yearly parts being paged continuously to form a volume.

The official French list. Each annual issue is arranged alphabetically by universities, with sub-arrangement by facultés. Gives for each thesis author's name, full title, place, date, size, paging. Each annual issue has an author index and each volume a subject and an author index. Issued in two editions: (1) book edition on ordinary paper printed

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