current modern or most usual spelling, or if obsolete under most typical later spelling, with cross references from all other forms. Information given about each main word is very full and includes (1) Identification, including (a) usual or typical spelling, (b) pronunciation indicated by respelling in an amplified alphabet or in case of obsolete words by marking of stress only, (c) grammatical designation, (d) specification, e. g. musical term, etc., (e) status, if peculiar, e. g. obsolete, archaic, etc., (f) earlier spelling, (g) inflexions; (2) Morphology, including derivation, subsequent form history, etc., (3) Signification, arranged in groups and historically, with marking of obsolete senses, erroneous uses, etc.; (4) Quotations, arranged chronologically to illustrate each sense of a word, about one quotation for each century, given with exact reference.

The most important use of this dictionary is for historical information about a word but it has many other secondary uses; e. g. while not intentionally encyclopedic it has a good deal of encyclopedic information including some not given in other dictionaries, and while not specializing in slang it does include many colloquial and slang words, Americanisms, etc., and where such words are included the information is often better than in the special slang dictionaries.

Fowler, Henry Watson. Concise Oxford dictionary of current English adapted by H. W. Fowler and G. E. Fowler. Ox. Clarendon press, 1911. 1041 p. 19cm. 3s. 6d. $1.

423

For the etymology of the English language, the best authority, so far as it has been published, is Murray's New English dictionary. A smaller but very useful work and the standard special dictionary is:

Skeat, Walter William. Etymological dictionary of the English language. New ed., rev. and enl. [4th ed.] Ox. Clarendon press, 1910. 780 p. 26cm. £1 18c. 422

Contents: (1) Dictionary; (2) Appendix: List of prefixes, Suffixes, List of homonyms, List of doublets, List of Indogermanic roots, Distribution of words according to languages from which they are derived.

Fallows, Samuel. Complete dictionary of synonyms and antonyms. N. Y. Revell, 1898. 512 p. 18cm. $1.

424 Contains, in an appendix: Briticisms and Americanisms, prepositions, discriminated foreign phrases, list of abbreviations, colloquial phrases, homonyms.

Fernald, James Champlin. English synonyms and antonyms, with notes on the correct use of prepositions. New and enl. ed. N. Y. Funk, 1914. 708 p. 20cm. (Standard educational series) $1.50. 424

Flemming, Louis Andrew. Synonyms, antonyms and associated words, a manual of reference designed to be of practical assistance in the expression of ideas through the use of an exact and varied vocabulary. N. Y. Putnam, 1913. 619 p. 17cm. $1.25. 424

An excellent list of words only, without any definitions of distinctions in meaning. Especially useful for the indication of the associated words. Includes slang and colloquial words.

March, Francis Andrew, and March, F. A., jr. Thesaurus dictionary of the English language, designed to suggest immediately any desired word needed to express exactly a given idea; a dictionary, synonyms, antonyms, idioms, foreign R phrases, pronunciation, a copious correlation of words. Phil. Historical pub. co. 1902. 1189 p. plates (partly col.) 28cm. $15.

por.

424

N. Y. Longmans, 1913. 671 p. 21cm. $1.25.

424 - Thesaurus of English words and phrases, fully revised by Andrew Boyle. Lond. Dent, N. Y. Dutton [1913] 2 v. 17cm. (Everyman's library) 1s. 40 cts.; library binding 1s. 6d. 50 cts. 424 A good inexpensive edition of this standard work. Differs from earlier editions by omitting some obsolete words, revising some errors, and adding foreign phrases and terms of modern science.

Smith, Charles John. Synonyms discriminated; a dictionary of synonymous words in the English language. 5th ed. enl. N. Y. Holt, 1896. 781 p. 18cm. $2. 424

- Synonyms and antonyms; or, Kindred words and their opposites. Rev. ed. London, G. Bell and sons, 1908. 406 P. 18cm. (Half-title: Bohn's reference library) 5s. 424 Soule, Richard. Dictionary of English synonymes and synonymous parallel expressions. New enl. ed. Phil. Lippincott, 1892 ['71-91] 488 p. 21cm. $2.

SLANG

424

Barrère, Albert, and Leland, C. G. Dictionary of slang, jargon and cant, embracRing English, American and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, tinkers' jargon and other irregular phraseology. Lond. Bell, 1897. 2 v. 21cm. 15s. 427

First issued in a limited expensive edition, Edinburgh, Ballantyne press, 1889.

Farmer, John Stephen, and Henley, W. E. Slang and its analogues, past and present; a dictionary, historical and comparative of the heterodox speech of all classes of society for more than three hundred years, with synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, etc. Lond. Routledge, 1890-1904. 7 v. 23cm. £7 7s.

427

upon

427.9

Thornton, Richard H. An American 427.95'4 glossary, being an attempt to illustrate certain Americanisms historical R principles. Lond. Francis, Phil. Lippincott, 1912. 2 v. 22cm. 30s. $7. Includes forms of speech now obsolete or provin cial in England which survive in U. S., words and phrases of distinctly American origin, nouns which indicate quadrupeds, birds, trees, etc., that are distinctly American, names of persons, of classes of people and of places, words that have assumed a new meaning, words and phrases of which there are earlier examples in American than in English writers.

The list of words is largely historical and includes little modern American slang. For each word there is given a definition and explanation and illustrative quotations arranged chronologically with references to sources. The most important dictionary of American slang yet published.

Bartlett, John Russell. Dictionary of Americanisms. 4th ed. enl. Bost. Little, 1877 [c'59-77] 813 p. 23cm. $4. 427.9

Clapin, Sylva. New dictionary of Americanisms, being a glossary of words supposed to be peculiar to the United States and the Dominion of Canada. N. Y. Weiss, 1902. 581 p. 23cm. $5. 427.9

Maitland, James. The American slang dictionary; embodying all American and English slang phrases in current use, with their derivation and philology. Chic. Kit tredge, 1891. 308 p. 25cm. o.p. 427.9

427.4

phrases, and usages, with those aboriginal-Australian and Maori words which have become incorporated in the language, and the common scientific words that have had their origin in Australasia. Lond. Macmillan, 1898. 525 p. 22cm. o. p. 427.99 Pettman, Charles. Africanderisms; a glossary of South African colloquial words and phrases, and of places and other names. Lond. & N. Y. Longmans, 1913. 579 p. 23cm. $3.50. 427.9

Good definitions. Illustrative quotations are given with date and exact page reference.

Yule, Sir Henry, and Burnell, A. C. Hobson-Jobson; glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. New ed. ed. by William Crooke. Lond. Murray, 1903. 1021 p. 22cm. 28s. 427.9

DIALECTS

Wright, Joseph. English dialect dictionary; being the complete vocabulary of all dialect words still in use, or known to have been in use during the last 200 years; founded on the publications of the English dialect society. Lond. Frowde, 18981905. 6 v. 30cm. £15. 427 Jamieson, John. Etymological dictionary of the Scottish language, to which is prefixed a dissertation on the origin of the Scottish language. New ed., carefully rev. and collated, with the entire supplement incorporated, by John Longmuir and David Donaldson. Paisley, Gardner, 1879-82. 4 v. 28cm.

427.9

Objects: "To enable the English reader to find out the meaning and history of the foreign words and phrases which occur so frequently in English literature; 2d, to register the increase of the English vocabulary directly due to the adoption and naturalization of foreign words since the introduction of printing; 3d, to record all English words of foreign origin which have retained or reverted to their native form." Preface.

Fernald, James Champlin. Connectives of English speech; the correct usage of prepositions, conjunctions, relative pronouns and adverbs explained and illustrated. N. Y. Funk, 1904. 324 p. 20cm. $1.50.

425

Rogers, Walter Thomas. Dictionary of abbreviations (being citations of those terms used in the professions, sport and trades). Lond. Allen, N. Y. Macmillan, 1913. 205 p., 149 p. 20cm. 7s. (d. $2.

421.8

Contains two different lists, paged separately: (1) General abbreviations; (2) Legal abbreviations. The second list is a reprint of C. C. Soule's Abbreviations used in law books.

Abbreviations are also included freely in the Century dictionary and Webster's New international, in their proper alphabetical places throughout the main vocabulary, and in the New Standard in one list under the word abbreviations. They are also given, though less freely, in Murray's dictionary.

Vizetelly, Frank Horace. Dictionary of simplified spelling, based on the publications of the United States Bureau of education and the rules of the American philological association and the Simplified spelling board, comp. from the Funk & Wagnalls New standard dictionary. N. Y. Funk, 1915. 151 p. 19cm. 75 cts.

421.4

FOREIGN LANGUAGES Foreign dictionaries are important in any library, though their use will vary greatly according to the size and type of the library and the character of the library clientèle. The needs of the small library used by English speaking readers will be met by a modest equipment of French, German and Latin dictionaries, while the small or branch library in a locality which has a considerable immigrant population will need also the dictionaries of the languages of these immigrants. Large public libraries and especially university libraries need the best dictionaries of all principal languages and many minor languages.

Two main types of dictionaries are represented in the following list: (1) the standard dictionary of a language in that language only, such as Littré's French dictionary, and (2) the bilingual dictionary, such as the various French-English and German-English dictionaries. The first type is the more complete and must be

consulted when the fullest vocabulary or detailed and historical information is needed, but it can be used only by someone fairly familiar with the language, and is not needed generally in the smaller library. The second type, which is the most used kind in the average library, is planned for people who are learning a language, is much less complete in vocabulary and contains generally no historical information, as its main purpose is not detailed definition but the explanation of a foreign word by its English equivalent. The ordinary bilingual dictionary is generally very satisfactory for most words of the "literary" language but is often weak in scientific terms and popular expressions. Bilingual dictionaries differ greatly also, according to the users for whom they are compiled. In a French-English dictionary prepared for the use of English speaking students who are learning French, the French-English half of the book is the more important and this will be worked out very carefully, while the EnglishFrench half may be given briefer or less careful treatment. The reverse is true of a dictionary prepared for French students learning English. In that case the English-French half is more important and will generally be fuller and better than the French-English half. A library which can afford to have several dictionaries of a language should take this difference into account and represent both points of view.

Bogarof, I. A. Dictionnaire bulgarefrançais et français-bulgare. Vienna, 187173. 2 v. 23cm. 491.8134

Marcoff, N. Dictionnaire de poche bulgare-français et français-bulgare. Lpz. Holze, 1912. 2 v. 16cm. 10m. 491.8134

Stephanove, Constantine. Anglo-Bulgarian dictionary. Sofia, Globe pub. co. [pref. 1908] 1028 p. 14cm 491.8132 English-Bulgarian only.

CHINESE

Williams, Samuel Wells. Syllabic dictionary of the Chinese language arranged according to the Wu-Fang Yuan Yin; alphabetically rearranged according to the romanization of Sir Thomas F. Wade, by a committee of the North China mission of the American board. Tung Chou, near Peking, North China Union college, 1909. lxxxiv, 1056 p. 23cm. 495.32

CORNISH

Jago, Frederick William Pearce. English-Cornish dictionary. Comp. from the