TABLE 13.-Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex; per cent distribution-Continued.

TABLE 13.-Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex; per cent distribution-Continued.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied-The first and second generations compared-Weekly earnings-Relation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family incomeWives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers-Sources of family income-Relative importance of the different sources of family income [Text Tables 14 to 48 and General Tables 6 to 21].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In order that a comparison may be made of the condition of the immigrant clothing operatives in this country with that while abroad, it is necessary to point out their general industrial status and the principal occupations followed by them before emigrating from their native countries. This is done in the following series of tables, the first of which shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:

TABLE 14.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Nearly 75 per cent of the total number of persons included in the above table worked for wages abroad before coming to this country. Only 12.1 per cent were working without wages, 11.1 per cent were working for profit, and 4.8 per cent were without occupation. Less than 1 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians and none of the Poles were without occupation abroad. Among those who were 48296°-VOL 11-11-19

283

working for wages the South Italians show the largest proportion and the Bohemians and Moravians the next largest proportion, while the smallest proportion is shown by the Lithuanians. Almost 50 per cent of the Lithuanians were working without wages, as compared with 3.2 per cent of the South Italians. The Hebrew is the only race that shows a proportion greater than 6 per cent for persons who were working for profit abroad. The proportion for the Hebrews is 18.9 per cent, and the next highest proportion, 5.8 per cent, is shown by the Bohemians and Moravians.

The principal occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is shown in the following table, according to race of individual:

TABLE 15.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

155 0.6 1.3 0.067.7 5.2 0.0 4.578.7 7.7 7.114.8 0.6 0.0 5.2 5.8

.0 42.6 7.4 7.7 7.466.8 3.1 3.1 6.1 1.011.7 6.1 18.9

Bohemian and Moravian..

Hebrew.

392

8.2 1.8

Of the foreign-born males of the specified age 72 per cent had worked for wages before coming to the United States, 50.6 per cent having been in the clothing industry; moreover, excepting the Lithuanians, the greater proportion of each race working for wages have been in the clothing industry. The greater part of the Lithuanians working for wages had been farm laborers.

Of the total number of the foreign-born 12.1 per cent had worked without wages. Relatively large proportions of the Lithuanians and Poles had worked without wages, and most of these had been farm laborers.

Of the total number of foreign-born males 11.1 per cent had worked for profit; 1 per cent had been farmers, 5.5 per cent in trade, and 4.5 per cent in other occupations. The Hebrews show the largest proportion working for profit, or 18.9 per cent, 11.7 per cent having been in trade.

The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 16.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

Of the total number of females who were 16 years of age or over when they came to the United States 68.1 per cent were without occupation abroad; 19.5 per cent had worked for wages; 10.8 per cent had worked without wages; only 1.6 per cent had worked for profit.

Each of the specified races had a greater proportion without occupation than in any other industrial condition. The Hebrews and South Italians show especially large proportions who were without occupation. The Bohemians and Moravians and South Italians show relatively large proportions who worked for wages.

The Lithuanians, Poles, Bohemians, and Moravians report about one-third of number as having worked without wages.

The following table analyzes the preceding table into the principal occupation followed, before coming to the United States, by foreignborn females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country. The presentation is by race of individual.

TABLE 17.--Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign