institution organized by cooperation of a number of savings banks and conducted under the supervision of the State, (b) an authorized stock insurance company, (c) an authorized employers' mutual association, or (d) an establishment fund. In any event the payment of the indemnities is guaranteed by the State.

The rates here given are those which are charged by the National Accident Insurance Fund. It was not found feasible to obtain, in time for this report, the rates of either stock companies or voluntary mutual companies.

The rates given in the following table are from the Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Labor:

PREMIUM RATES IN THE FORM OF PERCENTAGE OF PAY ROLL AS CHARGED BY THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE FUND-ITALY.

[The rates here given are average rates for the industries or industry groups specified; rates in subdivisions of the specified industries may vary considerably. Unless otherwise stated the rates given are for establishments with power." For benefits, see p. 735.)

PREMIUM RATES IN THE FORM OF PERCENTAGE OF PAY ROLL AS CHARGED BY THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE FUND-ITALY-Concluded.

[The rates here given are average rates for the industries or industry groups specified; rates in subdivi ions of the specified industries may vary considerably. Unless otherwise stated the rates given are for establishments "with power." For benefits, see p. 735.]

In the Netherlands compensation is paid to workmen if injured by occupational accident and disabled for over two days, and to the dependents of workmen who are killed by occupational accident. All accidents are covered unless intentional; but if due to intoxication compensation for disability is reduced one-half, and in the event of death due to intoxication nothing is paid.

A State insurance institution, the Rejksverzekeringsbank, adjusts and pays all claims and sets up reserves in its own custody, estimated by it to be sufficient to provide for all indemnities in the form of annuities payable in future because of accidents which take place during the year. It also has the right to enforce the collection of premiums at rates fixed by it.

The employer may, however, insure in a private company or association if he prefers, provided, first, such company or association is authorized by the State; second, it has deposited a sufficient guaranty with the bank; and, third, it shall promptly deposit with the bank from time to time sums required to pay indemnities currently falling due, and also the capitalized value of annuities falling due in future by reason of accidents taking place within the year. Employers may also, upon notice to the bank and upon obtaining its consent, carry their own insurance, provided they give sufficient guarantees to the bank and also respond to all calls made upon them for the deposit of money to pay indemnities and to set up capitalized values. The employers and the private insurance companies must also, in any event, respond for a proportionate share of the expense of carrying on the business of the bank.

The rates which are given are the average rates in percentages of the pay roll which are charged by the Rejksverzekeringsbank, according to its latest revised rate schedule, for insurance covering employers against their liability under the act.

A leading Dutch stock insurance company furnishes the following information concerning rates and methods for covering the employer's liability under the act:

In response to the question, What premiums are charged by us for the undertaking of the risk of the legal insurance for liability in the trades (of which there are only 493), it is to be observed that * * as a matter of necessity we are obliged to follow the premiums which are fixed by the Rejksverzekeringsbank.

Our rates are usually less by 10 per cent than the official premiums; but there are many industries which, according to our opinion, are given too low and indeed insufficient rates by the bank. In such cases we do not undertake to compete; we decline the business. The conclusion is obvious; a company which insures employers can only discriminate as to costs through investigating the experience of reputable enterprises in industries where the rates of the bank allow a certain latitude.

Some of the big employers who would like to carry their own risks, but are unwilling or unable to do so on account of the heavy cash security which is demanded by the bank, transfer, as a matter of form, their risks to us. In this case we forward a monthly bill, covering all damages charged us by the bank because of the accidents which have taken place in their establishments, and our profits come out of an allowance made for the administration of their business.

There are companies which have covered large groups of employers, who in this manner carry their aggregate risk. Such companies actually incur no risk.

The rates as here given are from the manual of Rejksverzekeringsbank containing the latest revised rates and classifications.

PREMIUM RATES IN THE FORM OF PERCENTAGE OF PAY ROLL CHARGED BY STATE INSURANCE BANK UNDER COMPENSATION LAW-NETHERLANDS.

The rates here given are average rates for the industries or industry groups specified; rates in subdivisions of the specified industries may vary considerably. Unless otherwise stated the rates given are for establishments with power." For benefits, see p. 737.]

Industry.

Premium rates in the form of percentage of pay roll, as charged by state insurance bank under compensation law.

Industry..

Premium rates in the form of percentage of pay roll, as charged by state insurance bank under compensation law.

Agricultural machinery works...

Automobile factories.

Bakeries and biscuit factories..

Beer bottling and shipping concerns...

Belt and saddlery factory (power)

Boiler construction works:

(a) Riveting by machinery.

(b) Riveting by hand.

Bookbinding (power)..

Brewery and malt works..

Bridge construction (other than iron).

Brickmaking (by machinery).

Candy factories..

Canning factories:

(a) Vegetable products....

(b) Animal products

Carpentry:

(a) Cabinetmaking..

(b) General contract.

Carpet factories

Carriage factories

Casting works:

(a) Iron. (b) Steel.. Cement plants.

Celluloid factories.

3.40

Ordnance factories..

3.40

[PREMIUM RATES IN THE FORM OF PERCENTAGE OF PAY ROLL CHARGED BY STATE INSURANCE BANK UNDER COMPENSATION LAW-NETHERLANDS-Concluded.

[The rates here given are average rates for the industries or industry groups specified; rates in subdivisions of the specified industries may vary considerably. Unless otherwise stated the rates given are for establishments "with power." For benefits, see p. 737.]

In Norway compensation is given to practically all workmen, except seamen and agricultural laborers, who are injured in the course of their employment and whose disability lasts for longer than four weeks, and also to the widows, children, and the dependents in a direct ascending line of workmen who are killed by accident occurring in the course of their employment, unless injury or death has been intentionally self-inflicted.

All employers must insure their employees in a state central insurance institution, the management of which is vested in officers appointed by the State.

This institution, which is known as the Riksforsikringsanstalt, has authority to fix its own rates of premiums for the various industries and to enforce the collection of the same. The premiums for the next five years are determined by revising the schedule of rates according to the actual experience of the previous five years or more. The Anstalt adjusts all claims, though an appeal as regards the same is allowed to a commission appointed by the Government; the decision of this commission is final in matters of opinion, while in other matters a further appeal may be made to the courts.

This public insurance institution aims at maintaining itself entirely solvent on the basis of paying each year out of the premiums of the year the indemnities occasioned by accidents during that year, and