CONTENTS. Working hours of wage-earning women in selected industries in Chicago, Labor laws declared unconstitutional, by Lindley D. Clark, A. M., LL.. M.: 891 898 . 898 915 916, 917 917,918 918 922 922 964 925 927 927 932 932,933 933 986 936,937 937 939 939.940 910,911 912 912 911 941.915 915 547 547-571 951,962 Liability of employers for injuries to employees Protection of employees on street railways.. Old-age and invalid ty p. 1. ws of Germany, w, 14 Apri Germany France... Austral Review of labor legislation of 1910, by Lindley D. Clark, A. M., LL. M.: Introduction........... Commissions.. Regulation of the contract of employment.... Page. 1034, 1035 1035-1037 Examination and licensing of workmen. Public service........ Wages..... Hours of labor. Sunday labor.. Holidays... Inspection of factories, safety appliances, etc.. 1037 1037, 1038 1038 1039, 1040 1040 1040 1040 1041, 1042 1042, 1043 1043 Mine regulations..... Safety appliances, etc., on railroads.. Protection of employees on street railways... Employment of children and women.... Employers' liability and workmen's compensation... Accidents.... Retirement and pension funds.. 1043, 1044 1044-1046 Labor organizations... Civil rights of employees. Employment offices.. Bureaus of labor.. Convict labor.. Laws of various States relating to labor enacted since January 1, 1910: Illinois.. Kentucky Louisiana. Maryland.... Massachusetts... Mississippi... New Jersey.. New York.. Ohio. Oklahoma... Philippine Islands.. Porto Rico...... Rhode Island... South Carolina.. Virginia....... United States... Cumulative index of labor laws and decisions relating thereto... Index to volume 21.. 1046-1048 104) 1049 1050 1050 1050, 1051 1051 1051 1052-1059 1059-1061 1062 1063-1072 1072-1084 1084 1084-1088 1088-1109 1110-1144 1145, 1146 1146 1147 1147-1151 1152 1152-1155 1155-1159 1161-1196 1197-1209 OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. No. 91. WASHINGTON. NOVEMBER, 1910. WORKING HOURS OF WAGE-EARNING WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN CHICAGO. BY MARIE L. OBENAUER. INTRODUCTION. This study has to do with the working hours of women during the level of business and during the rush periods in selected industries in Chicago. While practically all industries are characterized by a crescendo and diminuendo of productive activity, in but few is the work abruptly marked off into dull and rush seasons. The demands of rush seasons are met in many establishments by an extension of hours, which is usually preceded and always accompanied by a higher industrial pressure. The number and insistent repetition of calls for help in the help-wanted pages of the daily papers are indicative of the high pressure under which employees in a given industry are working. Such condition is frequently followed not only by an addition to the working force but by a more or less gradual lengthening of the working day where there are no laws restricting the number of working hours for women. On the other hand the slackening of orders is attended not only by a gradual reduction of force and shortening of the working day to the normal hours, but by an easing off of the tension to the light demands of the dull season. At such a time not only does the regular force work under an easier tension, but even the normal hours. are at times abbreviated by the individual pieceworkers and not infrequently by the firm for the whole force. In studying the accompanying tabulations of working hours during the level of business and during the rush seasons in selected industries. in Chicago, it should be borne in mind that rarely is there an abrupt change from one season to another and from one degree of pressure to another as the unavoidable rigidity of tabular presentation might suggest. Between the seasons there is a period during which the pressure is considerably below that indicated by either the normal or the rush season hours given in the tabulations. At such times even members of the regular force may work part time only or be laid off entirely for a period. |