8. A new and improved forest protection law was passed in 1909, which was revised and amplified by the act of 1915.

9. To recoup for loss of taxes, fixed charges were placed upon State lands in 1905 for the benefit of roads and schools, revised in 1909 for the benefit of schools, and in 1919 for the benefit of counties.

10. Leasing of lands for camp purposes authorized in 1913.

11. Auxiliary forest reserve code passed in 1913.

12. Appointment of district foresters authorized in 1913 and a division of the State into 10 forest districts made by the Commission in 1919.

13. Distribution of forest tree seedlings for private planting authorized in 1910 and amended and improved in 1915.

14. Purchase price of land enlarged from $5.00 to $10.00 an acre in 1915.

15. Forest Protection act passed in 1915. Complete reorganization was effected immediately thereafter.

16. Co-operative agreements for fire protection and prevention authorized in 1915.

17. Rights of way authorized to be granted through State Forests in 1915.

18. The purchase of surface rights only to forest land directed in 1917.

19. Leasing of small arable areas in State forests for agricultural purposes authorized in 1917.

20. Condemnation of lands for State Forest purposes authorized in 1919.

EDUCATION.

1. Free assistance given to private individuals in all their planting problems and advice and assistance with respect to the handling of private woodlots and forests.

2. A specialty made of assisting farmers with their woodlot problems.

3. Free advice and assistance given to the owners of trees which suffer from insect and fungus attacks.

4. Shade tree work of every kind promoted and all foresters directed to assist in improving the quality of such trees throughout the State.

5. Numerous posters, circulars and advertising matter distributed throughout the State.

6. Forest exhibits made at fairs and various public gatherings.

7. Inumerable lectures and talks upon forestry by the forest staff generally throughout the State has been going on since the formation of the Department.

Survey of Pulp-Wood Resources of the United States.

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N less than 20 years 95 per cent. of the pulp and paper mills of the country, mainly those in the East, will have practically exhausted their supplies of spruce, hemlock, and fir-the principal woods from which the paper on which newspapers are printed is made.

The annual cutting of these woods in the New England States and New York is approximately 3,262,000 cords, and at this rate the supply will last approximately 17 years. The estimated annual cutting in the Lake States is 3,030,000 cords, and if continued will exhaust the supply in that region within 18 years. Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, with their smaller forest resources, are even worse off, the annual cutting being calculated at 1,470,000 cords, at which rate the spruce, hemlock and fir will last but ten years. Only in Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California, are the reserves in no immediate danger of exhaustion if the cutting continues at the present rate of 2,218,000 cords a

year.

These figures are included in estimates compiled by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. The data accumulated gives additional emphasis to the demand for a nation-wide policy that will put privately owned forests on a permanently productive basis and will also result in utilizing mill waste for paper making.

Even if the country's hemlock, spruce and fir resources, including the vast forests of far-off Alaska, are lumped together, the supply of these woods will be sufficient to meet the lumber and paper demands for less than three-fourths of a century, assuming that the present rate of cutting continues. At first glance it might seem that a national supply for three-fourths of a century makes it unnecessary to worry over the lumber question for some time. But, as already stated, 95 per cent. of the pulp and paper mills are located in the East; these are very expensive establishments, often costing millions of dollars; and cannot be moved conveniently to new locations, nor can wood be shipped to them economically from great distances. Consequently talk of easily utilizing the far-off reserves is impracticable unless the present mills are to be scrapped and new ones built nearer the source of supply. Up to ten years ago the United States was selfsupporting with regard to newsprint, but within the last decade the consumption has exceeded home production, and promises to do so in

creasingly. In view of this situation two alternatives present themselves, according to Forest Service experts and representatives of large wood-using industries. The country must depend increasingly upon Canada, eventually abandoning many of its own mills, or the Nation's policy with regard to its private forests must be radically changed. Canada now has 90 paper and pulp mills which produce approximately 2,100 tons of paper a day, of which 89 per cent. is available for export. Of all supplies of paper, wood and pulp, used by the United States about one-third now comes from Canada.

While the supplies of pulp wood in Alaska and the Northwest are very great, only about 5 per cent. of the mills are located in those regions. So long as publishers can obtain Canadian paper more cheaply than they can get it from the West, it is to be expected that they will buy from Canada. Nevertheless, there are several factors which should gradually bring western paper into competition with the eastern Canadian product, according to forest experts. There are quantities of wood in the West available at stumpage prices much less than in the Northeast. Much of this wood is on the National Forests, and, therefore, is available without the carrying charges that must be figured against large investments in land. Furthermore, the yield per acre of forests is much greater in the West than in the eastern Canadian forests, and there are large water powers available in the West. Certain disadvantages, such as high wages and high freight charges, must be recognized in considering the supplies in the West, but it is believed that these do not counteract the advantages.

The Forest Service points out, however, that whether paper interests rely increasingly upon Canada, or upon increased use of our Western resources, in either case these are temporary expedients. In the long run the country must solve the paper problem on the basis of a permanent wood supply. To this end it is urged that the mill waste be utilized for paper making and that the forests of this country be regenerated and administered on a more productive basis.

Mill waste, including slabs and edgings, is well adapted for paper making by one of the three chemical processes now commonly employed. But only about 3 per cent. of the wood used for pulp is mill waste, and this is evidently a very small portion of all the slabs and edgings from spruce, fir and hemlock now being made into lumber. Here, undoubtedly, is a big field for development, as it is estimated that there must be an annual waste of 1,600,000 cords of these species alone.

Even more important than the utilization of mill waste is the regeneration of the forests for the perpetuation of the paper industry in the United States. The policy of wastefully cutting the forests and making little provision for future growth must be abandoned speedily, say forest experts. In the future, operations should be so conducted as to secure increasing reproduction of trees valuable for lumber and pulp. Fortunately such species as fir and poplar are prolific seeders and may be reproduced naturally. Spruce may be reproduced under proper methods of forest management, though with more difficulty. As the cost of pulp wood increases, investments in plantations, especially in the neighborhood of pulp mills, will commend themselves. The growing of large quantities of wood close to the mills will greatly reduce the cost of lumbering and transportation. Young, thrifty, growing forests will produce yields scarcely imagined by one who has been accustomed to deal exclusively with old timber. It is urgently recommended that in this connection the practice of Sweden be given serious consideration. In that country the mills employ technically trained foresters who prepare accurate figures concerning the yearly growth of the forests which serve as a rigid basis for the annual cut of timber.

It is the wood-using industries, rather than the lumber companies, that are especially interested in applying conservation to the national lumber supply, according to the Forest Service. Likewise, it is the publishers rather than the pulp companies which must eventually pay the penalty for wasteful lumbering and which must, therefore, take it upon themselves to guarantee the perpetuation of the Nation's pulp supplies.

Tree Planting is China's Latest Hobby.

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REE planting has become a hobby in China, since American foresters have interested themselves in reclaiming millions of acres of land, which are now a waste, according to reports from a survey being made in the Orient by representatives of the Interchurch World Movement. It was some time before Joseph Baille, an American in China, found his place in the missionary field. He discovered it in Nanking and is now applying his home training in forestry to teach the Chinese to plant trees. The Chinese gentry and government were quick to see the advantages of reforesting the vast hills and preventing the floods, which have played such havoc in the past. Following America's

custom, a national Arbor Day has been established, and its observance is general.

The example set by the enterprising American in Nanking has been followed by his countrymen in other parts of China, who are educating the people along practical lines. The Chinese bid fair to become energetic foresters, for they have taken hold of tree planting with enthusiasm. Many acres of public land, unsuited for agriculture, have great possibilities for forestry. China's lack of lumber is responsible for the weak formation of her houses. So much available wood has to be utilized for fuel, that the supply for building purposes is limited. In consequence, brick foundations are used. The bricks are burned too little to make them practical and they soon become soggy. The Chinese realize their need for lumber and eagerly await the time when the trees will be big enough to cut.

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Little Known Forest Products Widely Used.

N addition to the ordinary uses of wood, mankind is dependent upon the forest for a variety of products whose appearance does not indicate their origin, says the United States Forest Service. Numerous as these products are, and as extensive as is their use at the present time, science is constantly learning new constituents which enter into the makeup of wood and is finding new uses to which these constituents and those already known can be put. for munitions or blasting, disinfectants for protection against contagious diseases, and artificial silk for clothing are among the products obtained in whole or in part from wood.

Powder

Charcoal, as everyone knows, is essential for the manufacture of black powder. All of the acetone used as a solvent in making nitrocellulose powders is derived from acetic acid, a product of hardwood distillation. Great Britain, it is said, is dependent upon the United States for acetone used in making cordite. Black walnut is a standard for gunstocks, and has been so much in demand for the past two years that our supply of this valuable wood has been considerable reduced and other woods, notably birch, are being substituted. From Europe comes the complaint that there is a shortage of willow for making wooden legs.

Pure wood alcohol is the only substance which can be converted commercially into formaldehyde, which is universally used for disinfection against such contagious diseases as smallpox, scarlet fever and tuberculosis. The experts at

the Forest Products Laboratory have conducted extensive experiments on the production of grain or ethyl alcohol from wood and have been successful in experimental work in raising the yield and lowering the cost of production. If this process can be put on a commercial basis, it will result in putting the millions of tons of coniferous sawdust and other material which is now wasted every year to a profitable use.

By converting cellulose, one of the elements of wood, into a gelatinous material, known as viscose, a wide field is opened up for the utilization of wood waste, and a new line of products, varying all the way from sausage casings to tapestry, is added to the already lengthy list. Many of the so-called "silk" socks, neckties and fancy braids now on the market contain artificial silk made from wood.

About nine-tenths of all the paper is made from wood. Besides the detailed investigations of the methods of making newsprint paper, and of the production of paper from woods hitherto unused for that purpose, which have been conducted, kraft paper, which compares favorably with the best on the market, has been produced experimentally at the Forest Products Laboratory from longleaf-pine mill-waste. This kraft paper is brown in color and is very much stronger than ordinary papers. It is used for a variety of purposes, and, cut into strips, is spun or twisted into thread which is then woven into onion and coffee bags, matting, suitcases and wall covering, similar to burlap, and furniture closely resembling that made from reeds, as well as other articles of common use.

Within the past year the Forest Products Laboratory has, by co-operating with manufacturers, succeeded in getting a dye made from mill waste of osage orange put on the market as a substitute for fustic, imported from Jamaica and Tehuantepec.

Other activities, ranging all the way from the study of decay in wood to that of the resistance of wood to fire, are in progress, and new discoveries are constantly being made. The Forest Products Laboratory, at Madison, Wisconsin, was the first of its kind in the world and is probably still the best equipped. With the possible exception of Germany, no other country has done as much as the United States systematically to investigate the possibilities of its forest re

sources.

Forester R. B. Winter has established a small picnic ground at Sand Spring along the Brush Valley Narrows road.

Game is Increasing in Pennsylvania.

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HE last ten years have practically restored Pennsylvania to the list of game-producing States. Previous to that deer and bears were fast disappearing. It is officially reported that in the two first weeks of December, 1919, three thousand deer and more than four hundred bears had been taken by hunters within the limits of Pennsylvania.

It is fortunate that any good movement once started usually takes care of itself. About 400,000 hunting licenses were issued in this State during the past year. It is to be noted that it meant as many dollars contributed by the hunters. They did not ask the State to pay for their sport (or to put it better) for their recreation, though it is beyond question that every hunter who went afield probably returned a stronger man, with a greater capacity for work than when he shouldered his gun.

Out of the money derived from these hunting licenses (one may quote from an authoritative source) "the Game Commission have at their disposal at present a considerable fund, raised through the hunters' license law, which they propose to use in part in acquiring forest lands and at the next meeting of the Commission several tracts will be up for consideration. While the land that the Commissioners may buy will not amount to much, at the same time it is another step in the matter of conservation of the State's resources." Such purchases are made under act of 1915, which provides that the Commissioners "May establish and maintain State game preserves, for the protection and propagation of Such State game preserves may be logame. cated on the State forests, or may be upon land leased by the Board for that purpose."

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The Cole Pines (Adams County).

HE Cole Pines, a superb remnant of virgin white pine forest, with their straight clear stems and tufted crowns, stand along the headwaters of the Conewago Creek in Adams County, where the stream starts its plunge downward from Buchanan Valley, through the Narrows between Big Hill and Bear Mountain, to the lowlands east of the South Mountains, through which the creek finally reaches the Susquehanna below York Haven.

These noble trees deserve more than their local fame, for they not only visualize the traditions of the South Mountain pineries, of which the names Pine Run, Pine Crove Furnace, Big Pine

Flat, and Piney Mountain, continue the associations of different well known tracts and districts, but they are part of a system of management that is worth knowing.

The Francis Cole tract contains 555 acres which has been held in the Cole family for more than sixty years, and upon this home tract are the original buildings, of great picturesqueness both of location and structure. The trees mentioned lie a short distance from the homestead, to the south of the road crossing the South Mountain from Shippensburg to Arendtsville.

The large pine tree shown in the illustrations is 42 feet in diameter at the butt, 110 feet tall and about 50 feet to where the lower branches start. Other pines range from 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with heights of from 85 to 100 feet.

Besides the "home tract" there are other holdings, which form a total of over twelve hundred acres upon which lumbering has been carried on for "at least a hundred years by the original and later owners. The early mills were run by water-power; for the last twenty years steam has been used." The special feature of these operations has been the cutting of "only the large and mature trees, and in that way the tract always had a good stand of timber. The small timber also has been saved, and today there is a fairly good stand of timber all over the tract."

I first saw the pines in the Narrows twentyfive years ago, and though that memorable growth has been cut for ten or more years a splendid continuance of species is very marked, and forms a striking contrast to operations in some other portions of the State. Compared as trees to other trees the Cole pines remind me more of the Dubois pines in Clearfield County than of the primevals on the Cook tract, or other tracts where there were some very large pines. It is in their symmetry, close growth and clear boles that the. Cole pines are linked in memory with some of the great pine woods that are now only memories. Mira Lloyd Dock.

(Appreciation is due to Mr. James C. Cole, Biglerville, Pa., for valued information and kind co-operation. Photographs by P. Mark Parthemore, of the J. Horace McFarland Co., Harrisburg.)

Mr. W. D. Humiston of Potlatch, Idaho, says the past year has been one of the most disastrous years in point of forest losses the North Idaho Forestry Protective Association has ever experienced.