ARTICLE XIII1

SECTION I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XIV 2

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons. in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two thirds of each House, remove such disability.

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV 8

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

1 Adopted in 1865.

2 Adopted in 1868.

3 Adopted in 1870.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XVI1

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

ARTICLE XVII 2

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

1 Passed July, 1909; proclaimed February 25, 1913.

2 Passed May, 1912, in lieu of paragraph one, Section 3, Article I, of the Constitution and so much of paragraph two of the same Section as relates to the filling of vacancies; proclaimed May 31, 1913.

GUIDE TO CURRENT LITERATURE ON

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

The difficulties of keeping fairly abreast the current developments in American government and politics are almost insuperable, but the student fortunately has several handy aids. The American Year Book, published annually by Appleton, gives a survey of changes in politics and government and also of legislation on social, economic, financial, labor, and commercial matters. The American Political Science Review, a quarterly publication, contains in addition to articles on political matters, a number of periodical surveys of direct primary, labor, and other legislation; in each number also there is a guide to important articles on government and politics in current magazines. The Political Science Quarterly contains articles on current political matters and a biennial survey of political history. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science and the occasional supplements are invaluable for the student of government. In 1912, the National Municipal League founded The National Municipal Review, which is devoted to purely municipal affairs and publishes, in addition to articles, bibliographical and other guides to current municipal affairs. It is not necessary to refer the student to the Guide to Periodical Literature and to Poole's Index to Periodical Literature which furnish handy guides to all magazine literature. A few selected articles are given below simply to encourage the student to acquaint himself with some of the leading technical journals and to illustrate the method of independent search for current materials.

Recent Articles on Federal Government. The problems of a national budget are discussed in the Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1912), by F. A. Cleveland, p. 47; F. J. Goodnow, p. 68; and W. F. Willoughby, p. 78. "Some Aspects of the Vice-Presidency," by H. B. Learned, ibid., p. 162. See the annual review of American Politics in The American Year Book. "The Railroad Bill and the Court of Commerce," by J. W. Bryan, American Political Science Review, Vol. IV, p. 537. Recent Articles on State Government. See the current tables and survey by J. M. Matthews in The American Year Book. "State Political Reorganization," by Herbert Croly, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1911), p. 136; "Suggestions for a State Budget,” by S. Gale Lowrie, ibid., for 1912, p. 88; “The Theory of the Nature of the Suffrage," by W. J. Shepard, ibid., for 1912, p. 106; "The New Rôle of the Governor," by J. M. Matthews, American Political Science Review, Vol. VI, p. 216; "The Operation of the Recall in Oregon," by J. D. Barnett, ibid., Vol. VI, p. 41; "The Working of the State-wide Referendum in Illinois," by C. O. Gardner, ibid., Vol. V, p. 394. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science for September, 1912, devoted to articles on the initiative, referendum and recall.

Recent Articles on Municipal Government. Among the important

articles in the first volume of the National Municipal Review are those on commission government by a committee of the National Municipal League, p. 40; by Martin Gemuender, p. 170; and by W. B. Munro, p. 562; and by E. S. Bradford, p. 372; "The Conservative Aspects of the Recall," by H. S. Gilbertson, p. 204; "The Taxation of Franchises in California," by Carl C. Plehn, p. 337; “German Municipal Socialism," by Karl F. Geiser, p. 355; "What Wisconsin is Doing for Its Cities," by Ford MacGregor, p. 378; "Preferential Voting," by R. M. Hull; "Municipal Home Rule in California," by T. H. Reed, p. 569; "The Actual Workings of the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall," by John R. Haynes; p. 586; "Socialism in California Municipalities," by I. B. Cross, p. 611; "How the Chicago and Cleveland Railway Settlements are Working Out," by D. F. Wilcox, p. 630; "Recent Graft Exposures," by C. R. Atkinson, p. 672 (also Vol. II, p. 439). In the second volume may be noted the following articles: "Research and Reference Bureaus," by E. M. Sait, p. 48; "The Valuation of Real Estate for Taxation," by W. A. Somers, p. 230; "Efficiency in City Purchasing," by W. R. Smith, p. 239; "Constructive Housing Reform," by Carol Aronovici, p. 210; "The New York Subway Contracts," by D. F. Wilcox, p. 375Recent Articles on Local Government. - The Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1911) contain articles on the relation of city to county government (Massachusetts), by O. C. Hormell, p. 61; (New York), by A. C. Ludington, p. 73; (Chicago), by F. D. Bramhall, and (St. Louis), by T. P. Young and P. V. Long, p. 109; the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science for May, 1913, devoted to local government.

Recent Articles on Politics and Party Government.

See the annual survey

in The American Year Book, by A. N. Holcombe and the current notes and surveys in The American Political Science Review. "The Democratization of Party Finances," by W. E. Weyl, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1912), p. 178. On the history and working of the direct primaries, see "Primary Elections in Iowa," by F. E. Horack, Iowa Applied History Series, Vol. I, p. 260; "Corrupt Practices Legislation in Iowa," by H. J. Peterson, ibid., p. 303; “Direct Primaries in Missouri," by Isidor Loeb, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1910), p. 165.