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THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

LATEST EDITION

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND

GENERAL LITERATURE

NEW MAPS AND MANY ORIGINAL AMERICAN ARTICLES BY EMINENT AUTHORS

IN THIRTY VOLUMES

WITH NEW AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT

EDITED UNDER THE PERSONAL SUPERVISION OF

DAY OTIS KELLOGG, D. D.

Formerly Professor of English Literature and History, Kansas State University, etc., etc.

ASSISTED BY A CORPS OF EXPERIENCED WRITERS

FULLY ILLUSTRATED, WITH OVER TEN THOUSAND PORTRAITS, PLATES AND ENGRAVINGS

ORIGINAL NINTH EDITION IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES EDITED BY

PROFS. SPENCER BAYNES, LL.D., AND W. ROBERTSON SMITH, LL.D.

ASSISTED BY OVER ONE THOUSAND CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME X

NEW YORK

THE WERNER COMPANY

CHICAGO

1898

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Encyclopædia Britannica.

VOL. X.-(G—GOT).

Total number of Articles, 491.

PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.

GADDI. W. M. ROSSETTI, author of "Fine Art, chiefly
Contemporary."

GAELIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. Rev. THOMAS

M'LAUCHLAN, LL.D.

GALATIANS. Rev. J. SUTHERLAND BLACK, M.A.
GALILEE. Capt. CONDER, R.E., Director "Palestine

Exploring Expedition."

GALILEO. Miss A. M. Clerke.

GALLATIN. ALBERT.

GALLS. F. H. BUTLER, M.A., Assoc. R. S. Mines.
GALT. Prof. GILRAY.

GALVANOMETER. GEORGE CHRYSTAL, M.A., Professor
of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh.
GALVESTON. ELLERY C. HUNTINGTON, Univ.of Nashville.
GAMA, VASCO DA. HENRY O. FORBES.

GAME LAWS. EDMUND ROBERTSON, LL.D., M.P., Pro-
fessor of Roman Law, University College, London.
GAMES. FRANCIS STORR, M.A.

GANNET. ALFRED NEWTON F.R.S.. Professor of Zoology,
&c., University of Cambridge.

GARDINER, STEPHEN. JAMES GAIRDNER, Public Rec-

ord Office, London.

GARE-FOWL. Prof. NEWTON.
GARNET. F. H. BUTLER, M.A.

GARRICK. ROBERT CARRUTHERS, LL.D., and Prof. A. W.

WARD, Owens College, Manchester.

GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD.

GAS AND GAS LIGHTING. JAMES PATON, Corporation
Galleries of Art, Glasgow.

GASKELL, MRS Miss F. MASSON.

GASSENDI. R. ADAMSON, M.A., Professor of Logic and
Political Economy, Owens College, Manchester.
GAUR. Col. HENRY YULE, C.B.

GAUSS. Prof. CAYLEY.

GAUTIER. GEORGE SAINTSBURY, late Postmaster Merton
College, Oxford.

GAY. R. CARRUTHERS, LL.D.

GAY-LUSSAC. JOHN FERGUSON, M.A., Professor of
Chemistry, University of Glasgow.

GEBER. Prof. FERGUSON.

GELATIN. D. CONSTABLE ROBB, B.A., University Mu-
seum, Oxford.

GEMS. A. S. MURRAY, British Museum.

GENEALOGY. Rev. J. SUTHERLAND BLACK, M.A.
GENEVA. H. A. WEBSTER.

GENTIAN. E. M. HOLMES, F.L.S., Curator of Museum
of Pharmaceutical Society, London.

GENTZ. ABRAHAM HAYWARD, Q.C., author of "Bio-
graphical and Critical Essays."

GEODESY. Col. Sir A. R. CLARKE, R.E., C.B., late Ord-
nance Survey, Southampton.

GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH. Prof. GILRAY.
GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE. F. H. BUTLER, M.A.
GEOGRAPHY-

HISTORICAL. CLEMENTS MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S., Secre-
tary Royal Geographical Society, London.
MATHEMATICAL. Col. Sir A. R. CLARKE.
PHYSICAL. A. GEIKIE.

GEOLOGY. ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, F.R.S., Director Gen-
eral of Geological Survey of United Kingdom.
GEOMETRY-

Pure and ProJECTIVE. OLAUS HENRICI, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
Professor of Mathematics, University College, Lon-
don.

ANALYTICAL. ARTHUR CAYLEY, F.R.S., LL.D., D.C.L.,
Sadlerian Professor of Mathematics, University of
Cambridge.

GEORGE I.-IV. S. RAWSON GARDINER, M.A., Professor
of Modern History, King's College, London.

GEORGIA. Commander TELFER and A. H. KEANE.
GEORGIA (UNITED STATES). ELLERY C. HUNTINGTON.
GERMANICUS. FRANCIS STORR, M.A.
GERMANY-

GEOGRAPHY. HERMANN WAGNER, Ph.D., Professor of
Geography, Königsburg.

HISTORY.

LANGUAGE. Prof. E. SIEVERS, University of Jena.
LITERATURE. JAMES SIME, M.A.

GERSON. T. M. LINDSAY, D.D., Professor of Divinity,
Free Church College, Glasgow.

GERVINUS. C. A. BUCHHEIM, Ph.D., Professor of Ger-
man Literature, King's College, London.
GHAZNI. Col. YULE, C.B.

GHIRLANDAJO. W. M. ROSSETTI.

GIANT. E. B. TYLOR, LL.D., F.R.S., President Anthro-
pological Institute, London.

GIBBON. HENRY ROGERS and Rev. J. S. BLACK.
GIBSON, JOHN. LADY EASTLAKE.

GILGIT. Col. YULE.

GINGER. J. R. JACKSON, Curator of Museum, Roya)
Botanic Gardens, Kew.

GIORGIONE. SIDNEY COLVIN, Slade Professor of Fine

Art, University of Cambridge.
GIOTTO. Prof. SIDNEY COLVIN.

GIPSIES. FRANCIS HINDES GROOME.

GLADIATORS. F. STORR, M.A.

GLAMORGAN. Rev. Prebendary DAVIES.

GLASGOW. J. H. STODDART, editor of "Glasgow Herald,"
and J. PATON.

GLASS-

HISTORY. ALEXANDER NESBITT.

MANUFACTURE. JAMES PATON.

PAINTING. C. HEATH WILSON, author of "Life and
Works of Michael Angelo."

GLOBE. C. H. COOTE, British Museum, and A. V. NEW.
TON, London.

GLOUCESTER. Rev. Prebendary DAVIES.

GLUCK. FRANCIS HUEFFER, author of "Wagner and the
Music of the Future."

GLYCERIN. Dr. C. R. A. WRIGHT, St. Mary's Hospital,
London.

GNOSTICISM. Very Rev. Principal TULLOCH, D.D.

GOAT. S. HOLMES PEGLER, author of "Advantages of
Goat Keeping."

GOATSUCKER. Prof. NEWTON.

GODWIN, MARY AND WILLIAM. C. KEGAN PAUL,
author of "William Godwin: His Friends and Con-
temporaries."

GODWINE. Prof. E. A. FREEMAN, D.C.L., LL.D.
GOETHE. OSCAR BROWNING, M.A., Fellow of King's
College, Cambridge.

GOITRE. J. O. AFFLECK, M.D., Examiner Royal College

of Physicians, Edinburgh.

GOLD. W. CHANDLER ROBERTS, F.R.S., Assayer Royal
Mint, London, and H. BAUERMAN, F.G.S.
GOLDSMITH. Lord MACAULAY.
GOLF. P. P. ALEXANDER, St. Andrews.
GOODSIR. THOMAS NICHOLS, British Museum.
GOOSE. Prof. NEWTON.

GOOSEBERRY. C. PIERPOINT JOHNSON, editor of Sow.
erby's Wild Flowers."

GÖRRES. LEONARD A. MONTEFIORE, B.A.
GOSPELS. Rev. EDWIN A. ABBOTT, D.D., Head Master,
City of London School, author of "Cambridge Ser-
mons," &c.

GOSSART. J. A. CROWE, author of "Painting in Italy."
GOTIIS. E. A. FREEMAN.-GOTHIC LANGUAGE. Professor
SIEVERS.

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