fendants; and service of process against any one of such defendants as may not be found in the district where the suit is brought may be made in any district where such defendant carrier has its principal operating office. In case of such joint suit the recovery, if any, may be by judgment in favor of any one of such plaintiffs, against the defendant found to be liable to such plaintiff.15* While proceedings of the Commission "should not be too narrowly constrained by technical rules" there should be substantial proof supporting the conclusion and in the language of the Supreme Court, "a finding which 137 would disclose (1) the relation of the parties as shipper and carrier in interstate commerce; (2) the character and amount of the traffic out of which the claims arose (3) the rates paid by the shipper for the service rendered and whether they were according to the established tariff; (4) whether and in what way unjust discrimination was practiced against the shipper (5) whether, if there was unjust discrimination, the shipper was injured thereby, and, if so, the amount of his damages; (6) whether the rate collected from the shipper was excessive and unreasonable, and, if so, what would have been a reasonable rate for the service; and, (7) whether, if the rate was excessive and unreasonable, the shipper was injured thereby, and, if so, the amount of his damages." Suits for damages for unlawful rates, fares, charges and practices during Federal control must be brought against an agent of the United States.' 138 § 319. Procedure to Enforce or Annul Orders of the Commission. The jurisdiction conferred on the Commerce Court stated in section 298 above was transferred to the district courts by the Act of October 22, 1913,1" and that Act further 136. Sec. 16 of Act; Sec. 407, post. 137. Meeker & Co. v. Lehigh V. R. Co., 236 U. S. 412, 59 L. Ed. 644, 35 Sup. Ct. 228, Ann. Cas. 1916 B 691. See also Mills v. Lehigh V. R. Co., 238 U. S. 477, 59 L. Ed. 1414, 35 Sup. Ct. 888 and Atchison T. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Spiller, 246 Fed. 1 and cases cited at pp. 16, 17. 138. Commerce Act 1887, as amended by Transportation Act 1920, Sec. 206, post. Appendix one. 139. Sec. 460, 461, 463, post. provides that the procedure in the district courts in respect to cases of which jurisdiction is conferred upon them by this Act shall be the same as that heretofore prevailing in the Commerce Court. The orders, writs, and processes of the district courts may in these cases run, be served, and be returnable anywhere in the United States. Cases pending in the Commerce Court at the date that court was abolished were by the statute transferred to the proper district courts, and authority was given to the Judges of the Commerce Court to make orders necessary to effectuate such transfer. And after that date, cases remanded by the Supreme Court which had been appealed from the Commerce Court were to be remanded to a district court, designated by the Supreme Court, wherein it might have been instituted at the time it was instituted in the Commerce Court. § 320. Interlocutory Injunctions-Three Judges to Hear Application for. The District Court Jurisdiction Act provides: "No interlocutory injunction suspending or restraining the enforcement, operation, or execution of, or setting aside, in whole or in part, any order made or entered by the Interstate Commerce Commission shall be issued or granted by any district court of the United States, or by any judge thereof, or by any circuit judge acting as district judge, unless the application for the same shall be presented to a circuit or district judge, and shall be heard and determined by three judges, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge, and unless a majority of said three judges shall concur in granting such application. When such application as aforesaid is presented to a judge, he shall immediately call to his assistance to hear and determine the application two other judges." This provision is similar to section 17 of the Act June 18, 1910, which section had reference to injunctions against state laws and, as amended, against orders made by administrative state officers,140 and the decisions on that statute are of value in considering this provision. 140. Judicial Code, Sec. 266, amended by act March 4, 1913, 37 Stat. 1013; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. U. S., 238 U. S. 1, 59 L. Where only one judge acts on an application for an interlocutory injunction his order is a nullity. As said by the Supreme Court, "the hearing and determination of the request for a temporary injunction should have been had before a court consisting of three judges constituted in the mode specified by the statute, A tribunal not so constituted Three judges are convened to determine the propriety of issuing or denying an injunction and not to pass on the merits of the case.1 C § 321. Interlocutory Injunctions-Notice and Hearing.-No application for an interlocutory injunction enjoining, in whole. or in part, any order of the Interstate Commerce Commission shall be heard or determined before at least five days' notice of the hearing has been given to the Interstate Commerce Commission, and to such other persons as may be defendants in the suit; provided that in cases where irreparable damages would otherwise ensue to the petitioner, a majority of said three judges concurring, may, on hearing, after not less than three days' notice to the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Attorney General, allow a temporary stay or suspension, in whole or in part, of the operation of the order of the Interstate Commerce Commission for not more than sixty days from the date of the order of said judges pending the application for the order or injunction, in which case the said order shall contain a specific finding, based upon evidence submitted to the judges making the order and identified by reference thereto, that such irreparable damage would result to the petitioner and specifying the nature of the damage. The said judge may, at the time of hearing such application, upon a like finding, continue the temporary 141. Ex parte Metropolitan Water Co., 220 U. S. 539, 55 L. Ed. 576, 31 Sup. Ct. 600; and see Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Garret, 231 U. S. 298, 58 L. Ed. 229, 34 Sup. Ct. 48; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Railroad Com. of Ala., 208 Fed. 35; where an order of a State Railroad Commission was involved but no interlocutory injunction asked, three judges were not necessary, Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. Railroad Com. of Ga., 213 Fed. 27. 142. Brown Drug Co. v. United States, 235 Fed. 603. stay or suspension in whole or in part until decision upon the application. The hearing upon such application for an interlocutory injunction shall be given precedence and shall be in every way expedited and be assigned for a hearing at the earliest practicable day after the expiration of the notice hereinbefore provided for. 99 143 The language relating to a statement of facts as to irreparable damages to be made by the court granting an injunction is the same as that in the Commerce Court Act. Construing the language in that Act the Supreme Court held that there were three things provided for, (1) a temporary restraining order, (2) an injunction pendente lite, and (3) a perpetual injunction, and that "the statement of facts as to irreparable damages relate only to the first class of cases," and it was ruled that the granting of an injunction pendente lite rested in the sound discretion of the trial court." 144 The reenactment of the statute in the District Court Jurisdiction Act adopts this prior construction whether it be fully supported by the language of the statute or not. § 322. Interlocutory Injunctions-Appeal from.-An appeal may be taken direct to the Supreme Court of the United States from the order granting or denying, after notice and hearing, an interlocutory injunction, in such case if such appeal be taken within thirty days after the order, in respect to which complaint is made. This provision for appeal applies to interlocutory injunctions and not to a temporary stay or suspension.145 When an appeal is taken the trial court may maintain the status quo pending the appeal." Temporary injunctions against state officers are not such orders as may be appealed directly to the Supreme Court." 143. Judicial Code, Sec. 208. 144. United States v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., 225 U. S. 306, 56 L. Ed. 1100, 32 Sup. Ct. 817. See same case, United States v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., 231 U. S. 274, 58 L. Ed. 218, 34 Sup. Ct. 75, 76. 145. See construction by Supreme Court, Sec. next preceding. 146. Louisville & N. R. Co. v. United States, 227 Fed. 273. Reversed but not on this point. Same styled case, 242 U. S. 60, 61 L. Ed. 152, 37 Sup. Ct. 61. 147. Looney v. Eastern T. R Co., 247 U. S. 214, 62 L. Ed. 1084, 38 Sup. Ct. 460. § 323. Appeal from Final Judgment.-Upon the final hear ing of any suit brought to suspend or set aside, in whole or in part, any order of said Commission the same requirement as to the judges and the same procedure as to expedition and appeal shall apply. A final judgment or decree of the district court may be reviewed by the Supreme Court of the United States if appeal to the Supreme Court be taken by an ag grieved party within sixty days after the entry of such final judgment or decree, and such appeals may be taken in like manner as appeals are taken under existing law in equity cases. And in such case the notice required shall be served upon the defendants in the case and upon the Attorney General of the state. Section two of the Act of June 18, 1910, relating to appeals from the Commerce Court gave the Commerce Court power to "direct the original record to be transmitted on appeal instead of a transcript thereof," and provided that an appeal should not stay or supersede the judgment appealed from unless so ordered by the Supreme Court or a justice thereof, and that appeals should have priority in hearing and determination. Neither of these provisions is contained in the repealing Act. § 324. Venue of Suits.-The venue of any suit hereafter brought to enforce, suspend, or set aside, in whole or in part, any order of the Interstate Commerce Commission shall be in the judicial district wherein is the residence of the party or any of the parties upon whose petition the order was made, except that where the order does not relate to transportation or is not made upon the petition of any party the venue shall be in the district where the matter complained of in the petition before the Commission arises, and except that where the order does not relate either to transportation or to a matter so complained of before the Commission the matter covered by the order shall be deemed to arise in the district where one of the petitioners in court has either its principal office or its principal operating office. In case such transportation relates to a through shipment the term "destination" shall be construed as meaning final destination of such shipment." 148. Secs. 462 to 469, post. |