war broke out, and Secretary of State under Lincoln, was dealing giant blows for the Union. Preston King and Edwin D. Morgan represented New York in the Senate. Such men as Roscoe Conkling, William A. Wheeler, Charles B. Sedgwick, James Brooks, and John A. Griswold were in the House of Representatives. Morgan, Seymour, and Fenton were good governors in these trying times, and many illustrious men were in the state senate and assembly during this critical period of our history.

Activity of New-Yorkers. General John A. Dix directed the first successful military movement of the war (July, 1861). Captain Allan Rutherford issued the first call for volunteers (Jan. 11, 1861). General John Cochrane first publicly urged the arming of slaves. A New-Yorker fired the first gun for the Union. The boys in blue from this state turned the tide at Gettysburg and formed over one-third of the Union army. More than a quarter of the medals of honor given by the War Department went to New York boys. The first Confederate flag was captured by the daring Ellsworth at Alexandria, Va. New York lost 33,000 soldiers and 1,100 commissioned officers. Of the 270,000 soldiers taken prisoner during the war 46,000, or over one-sixth, were from New York, and more than 5,500 of them died in southern prisons.

Loyalty of Professional and Business Men. - Prominent ministers of all sects in the state acted as chaplains, and some even served in the ranks. The doctors deserted paying practices and college halls to care for the sick and wounded. The lawyers were no less patriotic. The bar of New York City at once voted $30,000

to raise troops (April 22, 1861). Men like Whitelaw Reid, Edmund C. Stedman, George W. Smalley, and Henry Villard represented the press on the battle-field. Merchants and bankers bought the first United States bonds, proposed the greenback system, and suggested the national banking law. The first private gift came from Colonel John Jacob Astor, and it was followed by scores of others.

Woman's Relief Association. this state was second to none.

The charitable work of
The New York women

were no less patriotic than the men. They could not bear arms and fight in the field, but they could nurse the sick, care for the wounded, and make supplies for the well. The great mass-meeting of 3,000 women in Cooper Union was held to devise means to aid the disabled soldiers and to comfort sorrowing relatives. From all spheres of life went forward women to the fields of action as angels of mercy. The "Woman's Central Relief Association" was organized to do active work in hospitals and on the battle-field. New York City was the headquarters. Thousands of wounded soldiers owed

their lives to these women of New York.

"The American Sanitary Commission " (June 9, 1861), which watched over the purity and comfort of camps and hospitals, was due in large part to the benevolent spirit of New York women. Branches were established in all the states. New York City was the headquarters. This was followed by the "Allotment Commission," to send the pay of soldiers home to their families, and the "Christian Commission," to guard the spiritual welfare of the boys in blue. John F. Seymour was made a general agent to watch over the New York soldiers in

the field. He appointed special surgeons and nurses, distributed comforts to the soldiers, and gave them personal attention and sympathy. Many local organizations, unknown to the world up to that time, helped complete the work.

The Masses of the People, the children, women, working men, old men, and business and professional men, kept the homes sweet; ran the shop, store, factory, and farm; sent love and comfort to homesick sailors and soldiers; and supplied food, clothing, and war materials. It was an heroic struggle, and to-day it is commemorated in many a song, poem, book, statue, building, tablet, and organization. It is thus nations remember their periods of heroism. New York may well be proud of her record as a part of the great nation in the struggle for a united democracy.

Cost to New York.-New York need not be ashamed of her part in the Civil War. She sent to the field and navy 475,000 men-one-fifth of all the troops sent out to save the Union, and one-eighth of the whole population in the state. Over 4,000 were colored troops. So great was the drain that the census of 1865 showed a decrease in population of about 50,000 as compared with 1860. The state paid almost $87,000,000 in bounties. New York City furnished 116,000 men at a cost of $14,500,000, and Brooklyn sent forth 35,000—a larger number in proportion to population than Boston.

New York's Gallant Troops showed patriotic devotion. equal to any on the field of battle. Her brave sailors withstood the terrors of wind and storm, and shot and shell. Ericsson, an adopted son of New York, built

the famous "Monitor," the "cheese-box on a raft," and was backed by rich citizens. Every loyal army heard the victorious shout and dying sigh of some son of New York, and every battle-field was moistened with his blood.

CHAPTER XLVII.—INDUSTRIAL CONDITION

The Fenian Movement. After the rebellion was quelled thousands of soldiers returned to the tasks of peace. New York had no trouble with these rough warriors save the attempted invasion of Canada by the Irish. This was part of the Fenian movement against England. The fire of war was still in the hearts of the Irish soldiers when they planned to seize Canada. Arms were sent to the border and 1,500 men crossed Niagara River (June 1, 1866), took Fort Erie, and defeated the Canadians at Ridgeway. But they returned to New York during the night, and two prisoners were saved from death only by the intervention of the United States. The leaders quarreled and the invasion stopped, though it was some time before the excitement died down on the northern boundary.

Results of the War.-The Civil War killed state sovereignty and made the nation supreme. It led to the abolition of slavery by the XIII. Amendment (Dec. 18, 1865). It gave the negro citizenship and the protection of law by the XIV. Amendment (July 28, 1868), and it enfranchised him by the XV. Amendment (March 30, 1870). These amendments were all ratified by New York. The state had never removed the property

qualification of $250 put upon negroes in 1822, though repeated efforts had been made to do so. Hence the nation and not the commonwealth gave the black man equal political rights in New York.

Peace and Prosperity Followed on the heels of war in the Empire State. The channels of trade opened with renewed vigor. Commerce sprang into new life. Local factories and all kinds of industries soon employed thousands. The shop, farm, and store were thriving as in the past. People invested money in all kinds of business enterprises. The new industrial life demanded new railroads, telegraph lines, and canals. The state was entering upon an era of prosperity unknown in the past and scarcely dreamed for the future.

Population. In the face of a bloody and costly war, the state steadily increased in population from 1855 to 1875. Her people now numbered 4,700,000-an increase of a million and a half in twenty years and her rank was still first. The voters had doubled and numbered 1,267,000, of whom 395,000 were foreign-born. Those who came from other countries formed onefourth of the population and were mostly Irish, German, English, Canadian, and Scotch, in the order named The percentage of foreigners in the metropolis was 43, in Brooklyn 35, and in Buffalo 34. In Erie county the naturalized voters exceeded the native by 400, in Kings county by 5,600, and in New York City by 50,000.

The Increase of Cities characterizes the new era. They numbered 21 in 1870 and 46 a decade later. New York City still held first place in America with a million people. Brooklyn had passed from the seventh to the third largest city in the country with 400,000 inhabit