must be all ready before you unbury a single tree, and all your tools in proper order. Do not venture to plant while the ground is so wet as to make a mortar, or the water collects in the hole. If you do, the soil in contact with the roots tends to become hard in drying, to the great injury of the growth. The following are laid down as safe rules: Be careful not to expose the roots of trees to the wind and sun. More failures in tree planting arise from carelessness in this particular than from any other cause. To prevent this, carry the trees to the field to be planted in bundles covered with mats; lay them down and cover the roots with wet loam, and only remove them from the bundle as they are actually required for planting. In planting, the roots should be carefully spread out and the soil worked among them. Insert the plant somewhat deeper than it stood before being transplanted. Sprinkle the dirt in fine: press it around the roots close; shovel in and press down, and so on till the tree is so well planted you cannot pull it up. Leave a film of unpressed dirt on the surface; have the ground dip toward the tree to catch the rain. Mulch on the surface and out over and beyond where the roots are. Select, if possible, for tree planting a cloudy or a rainy day. It is better to plant after the middle of the day than before it. All young plantations must be protected from cattle and other browsing animals-the greatest enemies, next to man, to young trees and the spread of forest growth. Transplanting Nut Seedlings.-In July of the first year's growth dig sideways to the tap-roots and with a sharp spade, knife or chisel, cut out a chunk of an inch or more. The plants, undisturbed in growth, remain in their beds and will send out lateral roots fitting them for safe transplanting the next spring. (To be continued.) Errata. In the list of forest trees of Pennsylvania, published in the February number of FOREST LEAVES, the following should be omitted, as they are not properly native trees, viz., the Ailanthus, Ailanthus glandulosus, the Apple, Pyrus Malus, and the white Mulberry, Morus alba. We trust any of our readers who detect any omissions or corrections which should be made will notify us, as it is desired to have this list as correct as it is possible to make it. | Practical Results from Arbor Days. TH HE Phoenixville Messenger in a late issue contains an editorial on Forestry, from which we abstract the following: It must appear to any one who will carefully consider the accelerating rapidity by which our forests are disappearing, means most unmistakably destruction to the stock of trees in this country, and that relatively there is no method suggested to halt that destruction, no sufficient substitute for wood in sight, and no comprehensive effort made at replenishment of the quickly shortening supply. Can anything be done outside of the National Congress or independent of State Legislatures to provide for the future? We think so. In conception, it may be that the proposers of our arbor days had within their scope of vision the possibility of aiding in tree growth; but if it were so the results have not borne out the fact. Arbor days, so far as our observation has gone, are simply school holidays. True, we have about our school houses a few hardy flowers, flower bushes and perhaps creeping vines, but as to tree planting by the pupils of our schools has it ever been done? And if not, why not? The writer when a boy going to the national schools in England, was a tree planter at certain seasons of the year, as was every other boy and girl in attendance. Provided with nuts and acorns, roots and other tree germs, the pupils marched to the woodlands and other favorable localities, where our teachers had us deposit them in the earth and showed us how it should properly be done. doubt, judging from the tenacity of the English character that system is in operation there to-day, and the germs planted forty-five or more years ago under that system, in all probability now have developed into lusty trees. No In the State of Pennsylvania there is almost a million pupils in our common schools. If a million trees were planted every year, given a good start and cared for until they could care for themselves, would not that be practical work? And if the State should lend its aid, as it should, and cause many millions of trees to be annually planted, not only would we be able to look forward with hope as to our future timber supplies, but other advantages would accrue, climatic advantages that have more importance in the economies of nature than is generally admitted. It might appear to our readers, that the planting of trees by individual or State effort is of minor importance, and that the results would be so slow in realization as to be discouraging; but we assure them that time flies rapidly, and trees grow right along. It only seems a short time since we bought for ten cents an ash tree at a sale in this town, carried it between thumb and finger to Reeves Park, and planted it. That was twenty-two years ago and the tree is twenty-five feet tall with a trunk a foot through. There should be also a forestry association in every county, and sub-association in every township. By such means the people at large could be informed of the depletion of timber in progress, of the cognate bad results because of it, of the importance of tree culture to keep up the supply, the best kind of trees to grow, and all that pertains to their growth. Thus interest in arboriculture may be cultivated and encouraged, that a movement general in tendency, pleasant in prosecution and resultant in great good may be the out come. L Forestry at Teachers' Institutes. AST September a circular letter from the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was sent to each county superintendent of schools in the State requesting that one exercise of the week's proceedings of the County Teachers' Institute be devoted to the subject of Forestry, either in the form of an essay or an address. Subsequently cards of inquiry concerning any observance of the request were issued. To these twenty-three replies have been received, showing that Forestry formed a feature of the exercises of the meetings in eleven counties, viz.: Montgomery, Chester, Centre, Luzerne, Forest, Blair, Tioga, Huntingdon, Perry, Northumberland and Cameron. Other counties from which replies were received, report that the Association's request was received after the programme had been made up, but that this coming Fall (of 1894), attention will be given the subject. The favorable replies were as follows: Prof. R. F. Hoffecker, of Montgomery county, reports that a teacher, Ely Weitzel, read a wellwritten essay. Prof. Joseph S. Walton, of Chester, states that S. R. Stoddard gave an illustrated lecture on forestry. At the next institute Prof. Walton hopes to have the subject again presented. Prof. C. L. Gramley, of Centre County reports that Prof. John Hamilton, of the Pennsylvania State College, spoke on forestry. Prof. Henry S. Wertz, of Blair County, reports that an essay on forestry was read by H. S. Fleck, a teacher, whose paper was printed in the daily papers. Prof. H. C. Raesley, of Tioga County, says that Prof. J. C. Doane, principal of the Blossburg Schools, made special mention of forestry. Prof. S. G. Rudy, of Huntingdon County, states that the subject was considered by Prof. Ezra Leh man. Prof. J. M. Arnold, of Perry County, says Prof. W. E. Baker, one of the oldest and best teachers, considered the forestry problem. Prof Ira Shipman, of Northumberland County, states that the subject was well presented by one of the directors, Mr. L.. N. Frymire, of Watsontown. Miss Ella Herrick, of Cameron County, reports that Dr. R. P. Heilman read a paper on Forestry, before the institute, and that a resolution was passed ordering the remarks printed in the Cameron County papers. The replies from counties where Forestry was not a part of the institute programme include the following encouraging words: Superintendent G. T. Cooper, of Mifflin County, writes: "Let me hear from you next Fall, about September." Superintendent John F. Bigler, of Venango County, says: "Our programme was made up before you sent word, but I promise you that this year the subject will receive attention." Superintendent A. G. C. Smith, of Delaware County, in a letter reports that their "institute was held early and your request came so late that none of our teachers had time to prepare for it. Hope to have something next time." Superintendent W. A. Beer, of Clarion County, says: "I assure you if your communication had reached me the subject would have been discussed. * * *Hope that at some future time I may be able to serve you." Superintendent W. A. Snyder, of Clinton County, states that no attention was paid to forestry last year, but that he would be glad to be able to secure the services of Dr. J. T. Rothrock at the institute next December, for an address on the subject, The interest that is prevailing almost everywhere in the State is plainly apparent from this, the first attempt ever made by the Association to have Forestry brought before the Teachers' InstiB. W. D. Prof. Torrence Harrison, of Luzerne County | tutes. writes that the subject was considered before the institute by Hon. D. L. Rhone, Judge of the Orphans' Court. Prof. George W. Kerr, of Forest County, replies that Samuel D. Irwin, Esq., who has written considerable on forestal matters, lectured before the institute of Forest county. More than 40,000,000 young trees, it is officially reported, have been planted in Switzerland in the last seven years in the effort to "re-forest that country." The White Ash (Fraxinus Americana). I N Max Muller's "Chips from a German Workshop," I have read that the early Norsemen considered themselves to have sprung from an ash tree; and when looking upon the massive trunk which is figured in this number I involuntarily thought, there are the loins from which the nations have sprung. A larger white ash than this may exist in Pennsylvania, but if it does I am unaware of it, and think that the white ash does not reach its best development with us. In fact, I unconsciously look at every ash tree with the mental inquiry, how many twelve-foot oars would it make? but am bound to say the shortness of the trunk in our Pennsylvania trees of this species raises the inquiry, where do all the oars come from? surely but a small proportion from the woods of Pennsylvania. The term white ash is well worth keeping in mind when we endeavor to distinguish between the different species of ash which grow about us. In the eastern portion of the State, the red ash (Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.), appears to be more abundant than the white ash. Indeed, the bark of the two kinds, to which allusion has already been made, do at times closely resemble each other. The branchlets of the white are more upright and more slender, as a rule, than those of the red ash. The fruit of the ashes may often serve to distinguish the species of ash from each other. It should, however, be remembered by those who consult Michaux's "North American Sylva," that the author has there placed the fruit of the white ash under the green ash and associated the fruit of the green ash with the leaves of the white ash; so, at least, it is stated by Dr. Gray. For my part, I cannot see that the fruit figured for green ash resembles anything with which I am acquainted. The ash trees with us are either male or female; that is, no tree is both male and female, the male flowers being in dark-brown clusters, blossoming in May, but soon disappear. The female flowers mature into those peculiar winged fruits, which often remain on the smaller branchlets all winter. The leaves are made up of leaflets, and hence would come under the head of compound leaves, as understood by the botanist, there being about seven to nine of these leaflets in each compound leaf of the white ash. Of course one may readily see how the wing-like margin of the seed will aid in its dispersion, and this means a wider range for the tree, providing the climatic and other conditions are favorable. It need therefore create no surprise to learn that the white ash is found growing naturally from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Florida and Texas, and as far West as Kansas and Nebraska. We can hardly reckon the white ash, or any other ash, among our most important forest trees, and yet there would be a great gap left in our resources if by any chance it should suddenly become extinct. It combines in large measure elasticity and strength, and is withal not a really heavy wood as measured by other hard woods which we use for like purposes. It is these properties which make it so popular where elasticity is required. | But then, be it remembered, there is ash and ash, some of which suggests the elasticity of whalebone The particular specimen figured in this number and some of which is almost brittle. Singularly |