abolition of all foreign influence from Chinese territory. The native name of this society is I-ho-ch'uan, "Combination of Righteous Harmony Fists"; it had for its leader Prince Tuan, the father of the heir-presumptive to the Chinese throne; and had its origin in the intense antiforeign sentiment excited by the occupation by the European powers of Chinese territory under various cessions in the years immediately following the ChinoJapanese War (1895), the superstitions of the ignorant classes, and the hatred, in certain districts, of the missionaries, who, in their zeal for converts, had entered under treaty rights into every part of the empire. Conditions grew more critical and the threatening of the missionaries increased in extent and intensity until, on May 19, 1900, the Christian village of Lai-Shun, 70 miles from Peking, was destroyed, and seventy-three native converts massacred. The representatives of the foreign powers, on May 21, addressed a joint note to the Tsung-li-Yamen, the foreign office of the Chinese government, calling for the suppression of the Boxers, and the restoration of order. This and all further at tempts on the part of the ministers met with little or no response, the Court itself openly encouraging the anti-foreign senti ment, and the young Emperor, KwangSu, being entirely under the influence of the Empress Dowager, notorious for her hatred of and opposition to the reformation policy. Upon the report of United States MINISTER EDWIN H. CONGER (q. v.), that the Boxers were operating within a few miles of Peking, and of the great danger to the property and lives of the Americans in that part of the world, the United States government ordered REARADMIRAL LOUIS KEMPFF (q. v.) to proceed at once with the flag-ship Newark to Taku, at the mouth of the Peiho River, the harbor for Tientsin and Peking. Here gathered, within a few days, the available war-ships of Great Britain, Russia, France, Germany, and Italy. Captain McCalla, with 100 men from the Newark, landed and proceeded to Tientsin, and on May 31, a small international force, including seven officers and fifty-six men of the American marine corps, were despatched to Peking, as a guard for the legations, and were admitted to the city. On June 2, Mr. H. V. Norman, an Eng. lish missionary, was murdered by the Boxers at Yung Ching, a few miles from Peking, and during the following days the rioting and destruction of property seemed to break out on every side with renewed violence. The imperial decrees against the rioters were only half-hearted, and it was responsibly reported that, in spite of the representations of the Chinese government of heavy engagements in their efforts to put down the uprising, a large number of the imperial forces were fighting with the Boxers. Fifty miles of the Luban Railway had been destroyed by the anti-foreign mob, with many stores and supplies for the new lines then under construction. Chapels and mission settlements in Shantung and Pechili provinces were looted and burned and hundreds of native Christians massacred. Finally the railway from Tientsin to Peking was cut. On June 10, the British Admiral Seymour, with 2,000 men, drawn from the international forces in Tientsin, set out to repair the railway, and found it so badly damaged that in two days he had advanced only 35 miles. Then came the news that he had been surrounded by countless hordes of Chinese, imperial soldiers and Boxers, and that all communication with Tientsin and Peking was closed. Not until June 26 was he able, after receiving reinforcements, to cut his way back into Tientsin. He had lost 374 men, and had not been able to get within 25 miles of Peking, his whole command barely escaping annihilation. In this unfortunate advance and retreat, Captain McCalla, who was the leader of the American contingent, was highly commended for his bravery and resourcefulness. On June 17, the Chinese forts at Taku opened fire upon the warships of the allied forces, and those of Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, and Japan immediately returned the bombardment. The fortifications were finally captured at the point of the bayonet by soldiers landed at a point enabling them to assault in the rear. Over 100 Europeans were killed and wounded in this engagement; the Chinese loss was estimated at 700. The American Admiral Kempff did not participate in the attack, taking the ground that the United States was not at war with China, and Pechili, in a fog. One week later she was floated, without having suffered serious damage, and through the courtesy of the Japanese government sent to the national docks at Kure for repairs. On June 24, REAR-ADMIRAL GEORGE C. REMEY (q. v.) proceeded with the flag-ship Brooklyn from Manila to succeed Admiral Kempff in the command of the American fleet. On June 26, GEN. ADNA R. CHAFFEE (q. v.) was appointed to the command of the American army in China, and 6,300 troops, united with the Europeans there besieged by the Chinese Boxers and imperial soldiers; for many days hard fighting was carried on against this enemy, sheltered in the native portion of the city and on the walls. On July 2, the women and children, at great risk, were sent down the Peiho to Taku, and for the following ten days the Chinese bombarded the foreign city. On June 9, 11, and 13, attempts were made by the allies to capture the native city. On the 13th Colonel Liscum was killed while leading his men. On July 14, lery and rifle fire of 50,000 troops under the forts were captured, and the Chinese Prince Tuan. With the exception of a driven out with great loss. The casualties of the allies were 875, of whom 215 were Americans. The temporary success of the Chinese at Tientsin, the siege of the legations in Peking, and the murder, June 12, of the Japanese chancellor of legation, and, June 20, of Baron von Ketteler, the German minister, seemed to inspire them with new fury, and the Boxer craze spread with fearful rapidity over all the northern districts, while in the south much uneasiness was shown. On July 15, a Chinese force invaded Russia, and the latter government immediately declared the Amur district in a state of war. July 23, President McKinley, in answer to the request of the Chinese Emperor for the good of fices of the United States in bringing about peace, demanded that the imperial government should first make known to the world whether the representatives of the foreign powers in Peking were alive; and that it co-operate with the allied army gathering for their relief. On July 20, a message, purporting to have been sent by Minister Conger, dated July 18, was received through Minister Wu at Washington, and was accepted as authentic by the United States government, and subsequently by the European powers, Minister Wu having personally guaranteed to get a message to and from Mr. Conger. truce of twelve days after the fall of Tientsin, July 17, the bombardment scarcely ceased day or night. Provisions and ammunition were very short, and the exposure and constant labor were telling severely on the besieged. Many efforts were made on the part of the Chinese to induce the besieged to proceed to Tientsin under promise of safe escort, but were promptly refused. The missionaries were in many cases less fortunate. A few made their way into Peking, one party escaped across the Gobi Desert, and some succeeded in making their way to the more tolerant southern provinces; but in the inland cities many perished at their posts. At Pao-ting-fu, 80 miles southwest of Peking, fourteen persons, including women and children, were butchered by order of the authorities. Military operations ceased with the occupation of Peking, with the exception of punitive expeditions sent to Pao-ting-fu and the more disturbed districts. On Aug. 10, Count von Waldersee, field-marshal of the German army, was unanimously approved as commander of the allied forces. He arrived in Shanghai Sept. 21. On Oct. 3, the withdrawal of the United States troops was begun. Oct. 1, Li Hung Chang reached Peking, and the Chinese Peace Commission, consisting of Li Hung Chang, Yung Lu, Hsu Tung, and Prince Ching, was announced. Negotiations were begun at once, and on Dec. 22 the allied forces came to an agreement as to the demands upon China, which was accepted by the Chinese Emperor on Dec. 30. By the latter part of July the international force numbered 30,000 men, and on Aug. 4, a relief column 16,000 strong left Tientsin and met its first determined resistance at Peitsang, Aug. 5, which it captured after a hard fight, with a loss of about 200 killed and wounded. With a This agreement provided: 1. The sending considerable loss, Yangtsun, Aug. 7, and of an Imperial prince to Berlin on an exTung Chow, Aug. 12, were occupied, and piatory mission. 2. Punishment of those on Aug. 14, the relief forces entered designated by the powers. 3. Reparation Peking. The Emperor and the Empress to Japan for the murder of Mr. Sujyama. Dowager had fled and the Chinese troops 4. An expiatory monument in all the were surrounded in the inner city. Fight- desecrated foreign cemeteries. 5. Importaing in the streets continued till Aug. 28, tion of arms and ammunition to cease. when the allied troops marched in force 6. Indemnity to each and every individual through the Forbidden City. or society for loss incurred through The relief of the besieged foreigners was Chinese. 7. Right to maintain guards in most timely. For forty-five days, 3.000 foreign legations. 8. Destruction of Tiensouls, including 2,200 native converts, had tsin forts. 9. Right to military occupabeen shut up in the compound of the tion of certain points. 10. Imperial decree British Legation, subjected to the artil- to be issued prohibiting, under penalty of death, membership in any anti-foreign 1. The appointment of a foreign finansociety, and holding viceroys responsible cial adviser to direct the administration for maintenance of order. 11. New com- and collection of internal revenue. 12. mercial treaties to be negotiated. Reform of the Chinese foreign office. Occupation of Peking until the agreement 2. The reform of currency, so as to afford a more stable exchange. 3. The establishment and centralization is carried out. Prince Tuan and Duke of mints. 4. The abolition of the present octroi and likin charges on goods which have already paid duty at the ports. In return for this, China should be allowed to increase her present tariff. Trade would not be damaged so much by slightly increased taxation, as it is injured and hindered by the delays and uncertainties of the present fiscal system. 5. The rearrangement of the salt monopoly, and general administrative reform. 6. The establishment and maintenance of a proper military and police, capable of affording that protection to which the foreign merchant is entitled for himself or The Chinese court made their formal re-entry into Peking on Jan. 7, 1902. An Anglo-Japanese agreement for maintaining the independence and territorial integrity of China and Korea was signed Jan. 30, 1902, and a convention between China and Russia on April 8, in which Russia recognized Manchuria as an integral part of China, and agreed to reduce the period of Russian occupation his goods. from three years to eighteen months. A 7. The opening up of the country and treaty with Great Britain was signed its resources, by giving greater facilities Sept. 5, in which China agreed to abolish to native or foreign capital in the dethe likin and kindred taxes for adequate velopment of the minerals of the country, considerations, on Jan. 1, 1904, provided and improvements in the lines of comthe other powers entered into a similar munication, including postal and teleengagement. China also agreed to open graphic reforms. four new treaty ports; and, in a treaty with the United States, guaranteed to make Mukden and Antung open ports also. In 1903 Japan and Russia engaged in negotiations concerning paramount interests in Korea and the status of Manchuria. On Feb. 6, 1904, Japan severed diplomatic relations with Russia, and on the 8th began war against her, Manchuria becoming the field of action. China and the Powers. A clear exposition of the Chinese situation in 1900 is given in the following article written by Lord Charles Beresford: Observation of recent events teaches us that, if we continue to leave China to herself without recuperative power from within, or firm and determined assistance from without, her ultimate disintegration is only a question of time. The reforms which are urgently required in China, both for the benefit of that empire and its people, and for the development of the trade of friendly nations, may be shortly summarized as follows: 8. The right of residence in the interior to be conceded to foreigners. 9. The promotion of all reforms and the introduction of all changes which are likely to promote the cause of civilization and the well-being of the Chinese people. A coalition of the four great trading powers-England, Germany, Russia, and the United States-could obtain these reforms with advantage to themselves and benefit to China, and, indeed, the trading world. In a very few years, with this assistance loyally rendered, China would have an army capable of protecting herself, as long as she retained the foreign officers. The idea that the Chinese are not good soldiers is a great mistake. I was permitted to inspect most of the armies, and all of the forts and arsenals of China, as will be seen by the detailed account in my report, and I am convinced that, properly armed, disciplined, and led, there could be no better material than the Chinese soldier. I leave it to the commercial classes of the United States to say whether it is not worth their while to incur such slight risks for such great profit, and for so good an object. The United States now has its industrial machinery perfectly adjusted to the production of wealth on a scale of unprecedented magnitude. Of land, the first On sound business lines this policy ap- of the three agents of production enumerpeals to the American nation; but, in ad- ated by economists, the United States is dition to that, are we going to let this fortunately blessed with an almost unopportunity slip of drawing the two An- limited amount. Its territory stretches glo-Saxon nations together for the cause of civilized progress, and the benefit of the world at large? Great nations have great responsibilities, to which they must be true, and when those responsibilities and self-interest go hand in hand, it would be unwise to miss the opportunity. Events are moving very rapidly in the Far East. A decision must be arrived at, and action of some sort taken very soon. It is the duty of Great Britain to lead, and I believe that the United States will not refuse to follow, but that both nations will combine to hoist aloft the banner of civilization and industrial progress, for the benefit of their own people, as well as for the benefit of China, and of the world. Chinese-American Reciprocity. His Excellency Wu Ting-Fang, Chinese minister to the United States, writes as follows: 66 Confucius was once asked for a single word which might serve as a guiding principle through life. "Is not reciprocity such a word?" answered the great sage. "What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others." This is the Golden Rule" which should govern the relations of man to man. It is the foundation of society. It lies at the bottom of every system of morality, and every system of law. Therefore, if permanent relations are to be established between two nations, reciprocity must be the key-note of every arrangement entered into between them. Having recognized this great principle of international intercourse, how shall we apply it to the case of China and the United States in such a manner as to result in mutual helpfulness! Assuredly, the first thing to do is to take a general survey of the situation and see what are the needs of each country. Then we shall perceive clearly how each may help the other to a higher plane of material development and prosperity. from ocean to ocean, and from the snows of the Arctic Circle to the broiling sun of the tropics. Within these limits are found all the products of soil, forest, and mine that are useful to man. With respect to labor, the second agent of production, the United States at first naturally suffered the disadvantage common to all new countries. But here the genius of the people came into play to relieve the situation. That necessity which is "the mother of invention" substituted the sewing-machine for women's fingers, the reaper for farmhands, the cotton-gin for slaves. The efficiency of labor was thereby multiplied, in many cases, a hundred fold. The ingenious manner in which capital, the third agent of production, is put to a profitable use is equally characteristic of America. Since competition reduces profits, the formation of industrial combinations, commonly called trusts, is for the capitalist the logical solution of the difficulty. These enable the vast amount of capital in the country to secure the best results with the greatest economy. Whether they secure the greatest good to the greatest number" is another matter. 66 The development of the resources of the United States by the use of machinery and by the combination of capital has now reached a point which may be termed critical. The productive power of the country increases so much faster than its capacity for consumption that the demand of a population of 75,000,000 is no sooner felt than supplied. There is constant danger of over-production, with all its attendant consequences. Under these circumstances, it is imperative for the farmers and manufacturers of the United States to seek an outlet for their products and goods in foreign markets. But whither shall they turn? On the other side of the Pacific lies the vast empire of China, which in extent of territory and density of population exceeds the whole of Europe. To be more |