Name. Charles Devens John W. Griggs.. Philander C. Knox. William H. Moody... Norman J. Coleman.. Jeremiah M. Rusk. J. Sterling Morton. Appointed. Delphine; The Silent South; The Creoles of Louisiana; The Negro Question; Strange True Stories of Louisiana; John March 6, 1885 March, Southerner, etc. March 5, 1889 SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE. James Wilson Cable, ATLANTIC. See ATLANTIC TELE GRAPH. Cables, OCEAN. The first permanent Atlantic cable was laid in July, 1866, from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. In September of the same year a cable lost by an unsuccessful attempt in 1865 was recovered, and its laying completed, thus making two lines between the two points named (see ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH). These lines constituted 16, 1903 what was known as the Anglo-American Cable, managed by a company of the same Feb. 13, 1889 SECRETARIES OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. George B. Cortelyou!!!.... Feb. DENT'S. graph Company was formed, and the fol Cabinet, THE KITCHEN. See KITCHEN lowing year it laid a line from Brest, CABINET. France, to Duxbury, Mass. The fourth Cable. GEORGE WASHINGTON, author; Atlantic telegraph cable was laid from born in New Orleans, Oct. 12, 1844. Valentia, Ireland, to Heart's Content, In 1863-65 he served in the Confeder- Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, in the sumate army. In 1879 he gave himself mer of 1873, and a few months later up wholly to literature, making a spe- the Brazilian telegraph cable was laid cialty of describing Creole life in Louisiana. In 1887 he established the HouseCulture Clubs, a system of small clubs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to a bay on the coast of Portugal. In 1874 the Direct United States Cable Company was foundland. Another French line was laid from Brest to St. Pierre, an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 1880. The companies owning all these lines having formed a combination and pooled their receipts, to keep up rates on the transmission of messages, a competing company was formed by James Gordon Bennett and John W. Mackay. This laid in 1884-85 two lines from Ireland to Nova Scotia, having also a connecting line from Ireland to France. A Pacific cable, extending from San Francisco to Honolulu, thence to Wake Island, Guam Island, and Manila, all United States possessions, was formally opened July 4, 1903. Cabot, the name of a family of explorers intimately connected with the history of America. JOHN is supposed to have been born in Genoa, although some historians have claimed Venice as his birthplace. There is evidence that for fifteen years prior to 1476 he resided in Venice, and in that year formally became a citizen. Subsequently he removed to Bristol, England, and engaged in mercantile business. With a view of finding a shorter route to India, SEBASTIAN CABOT. (From an old print.) he determined to attempt a northwest passage. To further his undertaking he secured from Henry VII. a patent for the discovery of any unknown lands lying in either the eastern, western, or northern seas. SEBASTIAN, the second son of John, was MAP OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE, AFTER CHARTS MADE BY SEBASTIAN CABOT. sailed again from Bristol; on this voyage six years thereafter fishermen from EngJOHN died and Sebastian succeeded to the land, Brittany, and Normandy were gathercommand. The place of the landfall is ing treasures there. As Cabot did not uncertain; probably Labrador and Prince bring back gold from America, King Edward Island were reached. A common Henry paid no more attention to him; account is that he was stopped by the ice- and in 1512 he went to Spain, by inpack in Davis Strait. Then he sailed vitation of King Ferdinand, and ensouthwest, and discovered the shores of joyed honors and emoluments until that Labrador, or, possibly, the northern shore monarch's death in 1516, when, annoyed of Newfoundland. Turning northward, he by the jealousies of the Spanish nobility, traversed the coast of the continent al- he returned to England. Henry VIII. furnished Cabot with a vessel, in 1517, to seek for a northwest passage to India; but he unsuccessfully fought the ice-pack at Hudson Bay and was foiled. The successor of Ferdinand invited Cabot to Spain and made him chief pilot of the realm. He was employed by Spanish merchants to command an expedition to the Spice Islands by way of the then newly discovered Strait of Magellan; but circumstances prevented his going farther than the south east coast of South America, where he discovered the rivers De la Plata and Paraguay. His employers were disappointed, and, resigning his office into the hands of the Spanish monarch, he returned to England in his old age, and was pensioned by the King. After the death of Henry VIII. the "boy King," Edward VI., made Cabot grand pilot of England; but Queen Mary neglected him, and allowed that eminent navigator and discoverer of the North American continent to die in London in comparative poverty and obscurity at the age of eighty years. His cheerful temperament was manifested by his dan cing at an assembly of young seamen the year before his death. Cabot, GEORGE, statesman; born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 3, 1751; educated at Harvard College; member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress; also of the State convention which accepted the national Constitution; was a United States Senator in 1791-96; and became the first Secretary of the Navy in 1798. He died in Boston, Mass., April 18, 1823. crowns of Spain and Portugal concerning the right of possession, but it was settled amicably-Portugal to possess the portion of the continent discovered by Cabral, that is, from the River Amazon to the Plate (De la Plata). This discovery led Emanuel to send out another expedition (three ships) under AMERICUS VESPUCIUS (q. v.), in May, 1501. They touched Brazil at lat. 5° S., and returned home after a voyage of sixteen months. Cabral died about 1526. Cabrilla, JUAN RODRIGUEZ, Portuguese navigator; born late in the fifteenth century; explored the Pacific coast as far as lat. 44° N., off the coast of Oregon, in 1542, under orders from the King of Spain, and discovered many of the islands, bays, and harbors with which we are now familiar. This voyage, made in search of the "Strait of America," which Alarçon had failed to find, was described by him under the title of Viaje y descubrimientos hasta el grado 43 de Latitud. He died at San Bernardo, Cal., Jan. 3, 1543. Cacique, a word derived from the Haytien tongue and inaccurately applied by the Spaniards to the native nobles of Mexico, and also to great Indian chiefs. Its true meaning is " lord,” “ prince,” or “supreme ruler." 66 Cadillac, ANTOINE DE LA MOTHE, pioneer; born in France about 1660; received a grant of land in Maine from Louis XIV. in 1688; appointed governor of Mackinac in 1694 by Frontenac; founded the city of Detroit in 1701; governor of Louisiana, 1712-17; returned to France, where he died, Oct. 18, 1730. Cabral, PEDRO ALVAREZ, Portuguese navigator; born about 1460. In 1499, Cadwalader, GEORGE, military officer; after VASCO DA GAMA (q. v.) returned born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1804; pracfrom India, Cabral was sent by King tised law there till 1846; served in the Emanuel, with thirteen ships, on a voyage Mexican War; was present at the battles from Lisbon to the East Indies, for the of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec; and purpose of following up Gama's discov- for bravery in the latter was brevetted eries. He left Lisbon on March 9, 1500. major-general. In 1861, he was appointed In order to avoid the calms on the Guinea major-general, and placed in command of shore, he went so far westward as to dis- Baltimore, and in 1862 he was made a cover land on the coast of Brazil at lat. member of a board to revise the United 10° S. He erected a cross, and named the States military laws and regulations. He country "The Land of the Holy Cross." published Services in the Mexican CamIt was afterwards called Brazil, from paign. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. brasil, a dyewood that abounded there. 3, 1879. Cabral took possession of the country in Cadwalader, JOHN, military officer; the name of the King. After it was ascer- born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 10, 1742. tained that it was a part of the American He was colonel of one of the city batcontinent, a controversy arose between the talions; later as brigadier-general he was placed in command of the Pennsylvania bishops and priests in the United States, militia, co-operating with Washington in and especially of Archbishop Katzer, of the attack on Trenton, and participating Milwaukee; but were opposed by many in the battle of Princeton. He was in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He challenged Gen. Thomas Conway to fight a duel because of offensive words the latter used towards Wash JOHN CADWALADER. ington. They fought, and Conway was badly wounded. After the war Cadwalader lived in Maryland, and was in its legislature. He died in Shrewsbury, Pa., Feb. 11, 1786. Cahenslyism, a movement among Roman Catholic immigrants in the United States to secure separate ecclesiastical organization for each nationality or language, and in particular for Germans; named after Peter Paul Cahensly, Austro-Hungarian envoy to the Vatican, and a leader of the St. Raphael Society in Germany and Austria for promoting Roman Catholic interests among emigrants. About 1884, eighty-two German priests in the United States petitioned the Pope for help in perpetuating their native tongue and usages in the diocese of St. Louis, Mo., and in 1886 petitioned again that German Catholics be obliged to join German-speaking churches, and be forbidden attending those speaking English. Receiving no open answer, they formed, in 1887, a society which sent representatives that year to the St. Raphael Society at Lucerne, Switzerland, and enlisted the cooperation of Herr Cahensly. They also secured the co-operation of many German others, especially by Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, who, at the installation of Archbishop Katzer, in 1891, denounced the movement as unpatriotic and disloyal. A provincial congress of German - Catholic societies at Dubuque, Ia., in 1892, approved the movement, as did also a national congress in Newark, N. J.; but seemed overshadowed later by the predominance of more liberal views under the decisions of Monsignor Satolli, in 1892 and 1893; and Archbishop Corrigan publicly declared it a dead issue, and condemned by the Pope. Caimanera, a town on the Bay of Guantanamo, in the district of the same name, and the province of Santiago, Cuba; about 35 miles east of the entrance of the harbor of Santiago. At the beginning of the war with Spain in 1898, the town and vicinity were the scene of important military and naval operations. On June 10 the bay was seized for a base of supplies by Captain McCalla, with the Marblehead, Yankee, and St. Louis, and the last vessel, supported by the others, cut the cable at Caimanera, which was connected with Santiago. The town was garrisoned by 3,000 Spanish soldiers, and protected by several gunboats and a fort. When the American vessels opened fire at 800 yards, forcing the Spaniards to withdraw from the block-house and the town, the Alfonso Pinzon appeared at the entrance of the bay, and at a range of 4,000 yards fired on the American vessels. The latter soon found the range; but the Spanish vessel refused to withdraw until the Marblehead gave chase, when she retired behind the fort, still keeping up her firing. On June 11, a battalion of 600 marines, the first United States troops to set foot upon Cuban soil, were landed under LieutenantColonel Huntington from the troop-ship Panther and the men-of-war. They established themselves at the entrance of the bay, little expecting that the Spanish soldiers, who had been driven in panic to the mountains, would return during the night. Consequently, when their pickets were fired upon there was considerable surprise. On the night of June 12, the Spaniards appeared in greater numbers, |