Conrad, CHARLES M., legislator; born ern boundary of Pennsylvania due north through Seneca Lake to Lake Ontario, in Winchester, Va., about 1804; admit with the exception of a strip of land ted to the bar in 1828; and began praeone mile wide on Niagara River-about tice in New Orleans. In 1842-43 he served 6,000,000 acres in all. Of this M. Gorham out the unexpired term of Alexander Monand O. Phelps bought the title of the Ind- ton in the United States Senate; in 1848ians, and also the title of Massachusetts 50 was a representative in Congress; and to 2,600,000 acres. Robert Morris pur- in 1850-53 was Secretary of War. He chased most of the remainder and sold a was a leader in the Secession movement part of it to Sir William Pultney. He in 1860; a deputy from Louisiana in sold another large portion to the Hol- the Montgomery Provisional Congress in land Company and to the State of Con- 1861; and a member of the Confederate necticut. Conner, DAVID, naval officer; born in Harrisburg, Pa., about 1792; entered the navy in January, 1809, and as acting-lieutenant was in the action between the Hornet and Peacock. He was made a lieutenant in 1813, and remained on the Hornet. In her action with the Penguin, Conner was dangerously wounded, and for his brave conduct was presented with a medal by Congress, and by the legislature of Pennsylvania with a sword. He was promoted to the rank of commander in March, 1825, and to captain in 1835. During the war with Mexico (1846-48) he commanded the American squadron on the Mexican coast, and assisted in the reduction of the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa in the spring of 1847. He captured Tampico in November, 1846. His last service was in command of the Philadelphia navy-yard. He died in Philadelphia, March 20, 1856. Connor, PATRICK EDWARD, military officer; born in Ireland, March 17, 1820; came to the United States and was educated in New York City; served in the war with Mexico and then engaged in business in California. When the Civil War broke out he recruited a band of 200 men and was ordered to Utah to drive plundering Indians out of the overland routes of travel, and to check the threatened revolt among the Mormons. After marching 140 miles he fell upon a fortified camp of 300 Indians in Washington Territory and destroyed the whole band. At the close of the war he received the brevet of majorgeneral. Later he commanded 2,000 cavalry to punish the Sioux and Arapahoe Indians for their robberies. He met and defeated the latter at Tongue River in August, 1865. He died in Salt Lake City, Utah, Dec. 18, 1891. Congress, and also a brigadier-general in the Confederate army in 1862-64. He died in New Orleans, La., Feb. 11, 1878. Conrad, JOSEPH, military officer; born in Wied-Selters, Germany, May 17, 1830; graduated at the Hesse-Darmstadt Military Academy in 1848; settled in Missouri; and joined the National army at the beginning of the Civil War in the 3d Missouri Infantry. He was present at many important actions during the war; was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers at its close; joined the regular army in 1866; and was retired with the rank of colonel in 1882. He died in Fort Randall, S. D., Dec. 4, 1891. Conscriptions. In October, 1814, the acting Secretary of War (James Monroe) proposed vigorous measures for increasing the army and giving it material strength. Volunteering had ceased, and he proposed to raise, by conscription or draft, sufficient to fill the existing ranks of the army to the full amount of 62,448 men; also an additional regular force of 40,000 men, to be locally employed for the defence of the frontiers and sea-coast. Bills for this purpose were introduced into Congress (Oct. 27, 1814). The proposition to raise a large force by conscription brought matters to a crisis in New England. Radical and indiscreet men of the opposition proposed the secession of the New England States from the Union as a cure for existing evils. During the Civil War conscription was resorted to by both governments. The National armies, however, were less dependent on the measure, as large bounties brought them almost enough volunteers. The first Confederate conscription law, April 16, 1862, annulled all contracts with volunteers for short terms, holding CONSEQUENCES OF SECESSION-CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. them for two additional years, and made extensive specie currency, and the propevery white male between eighteen and thirty-five liable to service at a moment's notice. On Sept. 27, 1862, the law was extended to all men between eighteen and forty-five. In July, 1863, all between eighteen and forty-five were called into active service. In February, 1864, the law was extended to include all between seventeen and fifty. See HARTFORD CONVENTION; NEW YORK CITY (The Draft Riots). Consequences of Secession. See CLAY, HENRY. Conservatives. 66 osition for a sub-treasury, in 1837, alienated many of the Democratic party, and they formed a powerful faction known as Conservatives." They finally joined the Whigs, and in 1840 assisted in electing General Harrison President. Conspiracy. See BOOTH, JOHN WILKES; BURR, AARON. The advocacy of an CALDWELL. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES "a new system of government which should act, not on the States, but directly on individuals, and vest in Congress full power to carry its laws into effect." The plan deeply impressed the mind of Washington. ment. Constitution of the United States. ton. In that pamphlet Webster proposed Sagacious men perceived the utter inefficiency of the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (q. v.) as a constitution of a national government as early as 1780, while their ratification by the States was pending. Alexander Hamilton, then only twenty-three years of age, in a long letter Events in North Carolina and Massato James Duane, in Congress, dated "At chusetts made many leading men anxious the Liberty Pole," Sept. 3, gave an out- about the future. They saw the weakline sketch of a national constitution, and ness of the existing form of governsuggested the calling of a convention to In the autumn of 1785 Washington, frame such a system of government. in a letter to James Warren, deplored During the following year he published that weakness, and the illiberality, in the New York Packet (then published jealousy, and local policy of the States," at Fishkill, N. Y.) a series of papers under the title of "The Constitutionalist," which were devoted chiefly to the discussion of the defects of the Articles of Confederation. In the summer of 1782 he succeeded in having the subject brought before the legislature of New York, then in session at Poughkeepsie, and that body, by a resolution drawn by Hamilton and presented by his father-in-law, General Schuyler, recommended (July 21, 1782) the assembling of a national convention to revise the Articles, reserving the A convention of delegates from the sevright of the respective legislatures to eral States was called at Annapolis, ratify their determinations." In the Md. Only five States (New York, New spring of 1783 Hamilton, in Congress, Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virexpressed an earnest desire for such a ginia) sent deputies. These met Sept. convention. Pelatiah Webster and 11, 1786. There being only a minority Thomas Paine wrote in favor of it the of the States present, they deferred same year, and in 1784 Noah Webster action, at the same time recommendwrote a pamphlet on the subject which ing another convention. On Feb. 21, he carried in person to General Washing- 1787, the Congress, by resolution, strongly 66 that was likely to "sink the new nation in the eyes of Europe into contempt." Finally, after many grave discussions at Mount Vernon, Washington, acting upon the suggestions of Hamilton made five years before, proposed a convention of the several States to agree upon a plan of unity in a commercial arrangement, over which, by the existing Constitution, Congress had no control. Coming from such an exalted source, the suggestion was acted upon. urged the several legislatures to send Feb. 6; Maryland, April 28; South Carodeputies to a convention to meet in Phila- lina, May 23; New Hampshire, June 21; delphia in May following, "for the sole Virginia, June 25; New York, July 26; and express purpose of revising the North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789; Rhode Articles of Confederation." Delegates Island, May 29, 1790. When nine States were appointed by all the States excepting had ratified the Constitution it became Rhode Island. The convention assembled operative. The new government began at the appointed time (May 14), but only March 4, 1789. one-half the States were then represented. The remainder did not all arrive before May 24. Washington, who was a delegate from Virginia, was chosen president of the convention, and William Jackson, one of his most intimate friends, was made secretary. Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, opened the proceedings by a carefully prepared speech, in which the defects of the existing Constitution were pointed out. At its conclusion he offered fifteen resolutions, in which were embodied the leading principles whereon to construct a new form of government. In these was the suggestion that "a national government ought to be established, consisting of a supreme legislature, executive, and judiciary." Upon this broad idea the convention proceeded, and had not gone far when they perceived that the Articles of Confederation were too radically defective to form a basis for a stable government. Therefore they did not attempt to amend them, but proceeded to form an entirely new Constitution. For many weeks debates went on, when (Sept. 10, 1787) all plans and amendments adopted by the convention were referred to a committee for revision and arrangement. It consisted of James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Johnson, Rufus King, and Gouverneur Morris. The latter put the document into proper literary form. It was signed by nearly all the members of the convention on the 17th. The convention ordered these proceedings to be laid before Congress, and recommended that body to submit the instrument to the people (not the States) and ask them, the source of all sovereignty, to ratify or reject it. It was done. The Constitution was violently assailed, especially by the extreme supporters of the doctrine of State sovereignty. The Constitution was ratified by Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, Dec. 12; New Jersey, Dec. 18; Georgia, Jan. 2, 1788; Connecticut, Jan. 9; Massachusetts, The ratification of the national Constitution was celebrated at Philadelphia (July 4, 1788) with imposing ceremonies. The ten ratifying States were represented by as many ships moored at intervals in the Delaware, along the front of the city, each displaying at her mast-head a white flag bearing the name of the State represented in golden letters. All the river craft were embellished with flags and streamers. A large procession paraded the streets, in which several of the prin cipal citizens personated in appropriate dresses some such event as "Independence," the "French Alliance," the "Definitive Treaty of Peace," " Washington," the "New Era," the "Federal Constitution," the "Ten Ratifying States." In a car in the form of an eagle, lofty and ornamental, sat Chief-Justice McKean and two of his bench associates, bearing a framed copy of the Constitution on a staff. The car and its contents personi. fied the new Constitution. On the staff was a cap of Liberty, bearing in golden letters the legend "The People." A citizen and an Indian chief rode together, smoking a pipe of peace, personifying peace on the frontiers. Various trades were represented; also the shipping interest, and different associations in Philadelphia. Altogether there were about 5,000 in the procession, which ended at Union Square, where 17,000 persons were addressed by James Wilson, who took a conspicuous part in framing the Constitution. The oration was followed by a collation. About three weeks afterwards a similar celebration occurred in the city of New York, where a large majority of the inhabitants were in favor of the Con stitution. Greenleaf's Political Register anti- Federal in its politics-contained a disparaging account of the celebration; and when, a night or two afterwards, news came of the ratification of the Constitution by the convention in session at Poughkeepsie, a mob attacked the print. SEC. 6. Compensation-Privileges-Disqualification in certain cases. SEC. 7. House to originate all revenue bills-Veto-Bill may be passed by twothirds of each House notwithstanding, etc.-Bill not returned in ten days-Provision as to all orders, etc., except, etc. SEC. 8. Powers of Congress. ing-office, broke in the doors, and destroyed the type. The people of Providence, R. I., were in favor of the Constitution, and were preparing to celebrate its ratification on July 4, with other ceremonies appropriate to the day, when 1,000 men, some of them armed, headed by a judge of the Supreme Court, came in from the country, and compelled the citizens to SEC. 9. Provision as to migration or imomit in the celebration anything favor- portation of certain persons - Habeas able to the Constitution. A more violent Corpus - Bills of attainder, etc. - Taxes, collision took place in Albany. The how apportioned - No export duty - No friends of the Constitution celebrated its commercial preference-No money drawn ratification on July 3, the opponents at from treasury, unless, etc.-No titular the same time burning it. Both parties nobility-Officers not to receive presents, united in celebrating the 4th, but dined at unless, etc. different places. After dinner the Fedcralists formed a new procession, and when they were passing the headquarters of the anti- Federal party a quarrel occurred, followed by a fight, in which clubs and stones, swords and bayonets, were freely used, to the injury of several persons. There was much asperity of feeling everywhere exhibited. The following is the text of the national Constitution and of its several amendments: CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED SEC. 10. States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers. ARTICLE II. SECTION 1. President; his term of office-Electors of President; number and how appointed-Electris to vote on same day- Qualification of President On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc.-President's compensation-His oath. - SEC. 2. President to be commander-inchief-He may require opinion of, etc., and may pardon-Treaty-making powerNomination of certain officers-When President may fill vacancies. SEC. 3. President shall communicate to SECTION 1. Legislative powers; in whom Congress-He may convene and adjourn vested. Congress, in case, etc.; shall receive ambassadors, execute laws, and commission officers. SEC. 4. All civil offices forfeited for cer SEC. 2. House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen-Qualifications of a representative - Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned-Census- tain crimes. Vacancies to be filled-Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment. SEC. 3. Senators, how and by whom chosen-How classified-State Executive to make temporary appointments, in case, etc.-Qualifications of a senator-President of the Senate, his right to votePresident pro tem., and other officers of Senate, how chosen-Power to try impeachment-When President is tried, chief-justice to preside-Sentence. SEC. 4. Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed—One session in each year. SEC. 5. Membership-Quorum-Adjournments-Rules-Power to punish or expel -Journal-Time of adjournments limited, unless, etc. ARTICLE III. SECTION 1. Judicial power SEC. 2. Judicial power; to what cases it extends Original jurisdiction of supreme court-Appellate Trial by jury, except, etc.-Trial, where. SEC. 3. Treason defined-Proof of-Punishment of. ARTICLE IV. SECTION 1. Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc., of every other State. SEC. 2. Privileges of citizens of each State-Fugitives from justice to be delivered up-Persons held to service hav ing escaped, to be delivered up. SEC. 3. Admission of new States-Pow- this constitution for the United States of er of Congress over territory and other America. property. SEC. 4. Republican form of government guaranteed-Each State to be protected. ARTICLE V. Constitution; how amended-Proviso. ARTICLE VI. Certain debts, etc., adopted-Supremacy of Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States-Oath to support Constitution, by whom taken-No religious test. ARTICLE VII. ARTICLE I. SECTION 1. 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SECTION 2. 1. The House of Representatives shal! be composed of members chosen every seeond year by the people of the several States; and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of What ratification shall establish Con- the State legislature. stitution. ADMENDMENTS. I. Religious establishment prohibited -Freedom of speech, of the press, and right to petition. II. Right to keep and bear arms. III. No soldier to be quartered in any house, unless, etc. 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this IV. Right of search and seizure regu- Union, according to their respective num lated. V. Provisions concerning prosecutions, trial, and punishment-Private property not to be taken for public use, without, etc. bers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The VI. Further provisions respecting crimi- actual renumeration shall be made within nal prosecutions. VII. Right of trial by jury secured. VIII. Excessive bail or fines and cruel punishments prohibited. IX. Rule of construction. X. Same subject. XI. Same subject. three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one repre XII. Manner of choosing President and sentative; and until such enumeration Vice-President. XIII. Slavery abolished. XIV. Citizenship. XV. Right of suffrage. PREAMBLE. WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. 4. When vacancies happen in the rep resentation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The House of Representatives shall |