became a judge of the Superior Court of slavery might thereafter be establishGeorgia. In 1883 he entered the national ed. 3. That Congress should not abolHouse of Representatives as a Democrat, ish slavery in the District of Columand there gained a high reputation as an bia so long as it should exist in the able, judicial, and conservative leader on adjoining States of Maryland and Virhis side of the House. In 1891, and again ginia, without the consent of the inin 1893, he was elected speaker of the House, succeeding Thomas B. Reed, and being succeeded by him. He died in Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 23, 1896.

Crittenden, GEORGE BIBB, military officer; born in Russellville, Ky., March 20, 1812; graduated at West Point in 1832. He resigned the next year, served in the war against Mexico (1846-48) under General Scott, joined the Confederates, and became a major-general and, with Zollicoffer, was defeated in the battle at Mill Spring, in January, 1862. He was a son of John J. Crittenden. He died in Danville, Ky., Nov. 27, 1880.

JOHN JORDAN CRITTENDEN.

Crittenden, JOHN JORDAN, statesman; born in Woodford county, Ky., Sept. 10, 1787; was aide-de-camp to Governor Shelby at the battle of the Thames; became a lawyer; entered the Kentucky legislature in 1816, and was speaker habitants thereof, nor without just comseveral years, and was first a member of the United States Senate in 1817-19. From 1835 to 1841 he was again in the Senate, when President Harrison called him to his cabinet as Attorney-General. He was again in the Senate from 1842 to 1848, when he was elected governor of his State, which post he held when President Fillmore appointed him Attorney-General in 1850. Mr. Crittenden was one of the most useful and trustworthy of the members of the national legislature, and was regarded as the "patriarch of the Senate."

pensation made to the owners of slaves who should not consent to the abolishment; that Congress should not prevent government officers sojourning in the District on business bringing their slaves with them, and taking them with them when they should depart. 4. That Congress should have no power to prohibit or hinder the transportation of slaves from one State to another, or into Territories where slavery should be allowed. 5. That the national government should pay to the owner of a fugi In the session of 1860-61 he introduced tive slave, who might be rescued from the "Crittenden Compromise," which sub- the officers of the law, upon attempting stantially proposed: 1. To re-establish to take him back to bondage, the full the line fixed in the MISSOURI COMPRO value of such "property" so lost; and MISE (q. v.) as the boundary line be- that the amount should be refunded by tween free and slave territory; that the county in which the rescue might Congress should by statute law protect occur, that municipality having the slave property from interference by all power to sue for and recover the amount the departments of the Territorial gov- from the individual actors in the offence. ernments during their continuance as 6. That no future amendments to the such; that such Territories should be Constitution should be made that might admitted as States with or without have an effect on the previous amendslavery, as the State constitutions should ments, or on any sections of the Constitu determine. 2. That Congress should not tion on the subject already existing; nor abolish slavery at any place within the should any amendment be made that limits of any slave State, or wherein should give to the Congress the right to

abolish or interfere with slavery in any of the States where it existed by law, or might hereafter be allowed.

In addition to these amendments, Senator Crittenden offered four joint resolutions, declaring substantially as follows: 1. That the Fugitive Slave act was constitutional and must be enforced, and that laws ought to be made for the punishment of those who should interfere with its due execution. 2. That all State laws which impeded the execution of the Fugitive Slave act were null and void; that such laws had been mischievous in producing discord and commotion, and therefore the Congress should respectfully and earnestly recommend the repeal of them, or by legislation make them harmless. 3. This resolution referred to the fees of commissioners acting under the Fugitive Slave Law, and the modification of the section which required all citizens, when called upon, to aid the owner in capturing his runaway property. 4. This resolution declared that strong measures ought to be adopted for the suppression of the African slave-trade.

1842. He served under General Taylor in the war against Mexico, and when the latter became President of the United States he sent Crittenden to Liverpool as United States consul. He returned in 1853, and in September, 1861, was made a brigadier-general and assigned a command under General Buell. For gallantry in the battle of Shiloh he was promoted to major-general of volunteers and assigned a division in the Army of the Tennessee. He afterwards commanded the left wing of the Army of the Ohio under General Buell. Then he served under Rosecrans, taking part in the battles at Stone River and Chickamauga. He commanded a division of the 9th Corps in the campaign against Richmond in 1864. In March, 1865, he was brevetted majorgeneral, United States army; and in 1881 he was retired. He died on Staten Island, N. Y., Oct. 23, 1893.

Crittenden Compromise. See CRITTENDEN, JOHN JORDAN.

Crockett, DAVID, pioneer; born in Limestone, Greene co., Tenn., Aug. 17, 1786. With little education, he became a noted hunter in his early life; served under Jackson in the Creek War; was a member of Congress from 1828 to 1834, and removed to Texas in the latter year, where he became zealously engaged in the war for Texan independence. While fighting for the defence of the ALAMO (q. v.) he was captured and put to death by order of Santa Ana, March 6, 1836.

On March 2, two days before the close of the session, Mason, of Virginia, the author of the Fugitive Slave Law, called up the Crittenden propositions and resolutions, when Clarke's resolutions were reconsidered and rejected, for the purpose of obtaining a direct vote on the original proposition. After a long debate, continued into the small hours of Sunday, March 3, 1861, the Crittenden Com- Croffut, WILLIAM AUGUSTUs, author; promise was rejected by a vote of twenty born in Redding, Conn., Jan. 29, 1835; against nineteen. A resolution of the enlisted in the National army in 1861; House of Representatives was then served throughout the war. Among his adopted, to amend the Constitution so publications are a War History of Conas to prohibit forever any amendment of necticut. He was also author of the openthat instrument interfering with slavery ing ode for the World's Columbian Exin any State. Senator Crittenden's term position. in the Senate expiring in March, 1861, he entered the Lower House as a representative in July following, in which he was a very ardent but conservative Union man, but was opposed to the emancipation of slaves. He died near Frankfort, Ky., July 26, 1863.

Crittenden, THOMAS LEONIDAS, military officer; second son of John J. Crit tenden; born in Russellville, Ky., May 15, 1815; studied law with his father, and became commonwealth's attorney in

Ac

Croghan, GEORGE, Indian agent; born in Ireland; was educated in Dublin; emigrated to Pennsylvania; and in 1746 was engaged in trade with the Indians. quiring their language and friendship, Pennsylvania made him Indian agent. Captain in Braddock's expedition in 1755, he showed such excellence in military matters that in 1756 he was intrusted with the defence of the western frontier of Pennsylvania, and was made by Sir William Johnson his deputy, who, in 1763,

sent him to England to confer with the rank of colonel. He served under Taylor

ministry about an Indian boundary-line. On that voyage he was wrecked on the coast of France. In May, 1776, Croghan founded a settlement 4 miles above Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg). He was active in securing the attachment of the Indians to the British interest until 1776, but took no active part in the events of the Revolution. He died in Passayunk, Pa., in August, 1782.

Croghan, GEORGE, military officer; born near Louisville, Ky., Nov. 15, 1791; educated at the College of William and Mary, which he left in 1810; was aide to Colonel Boyd in the battle of TIPPECANOE (q. v.) in 1811, and made captain of infantry in March, 1812. In March, 1813, he became an aide of General Harrison, and in August of the same year sustained the siege of FORT STEPHENSON (q. v.) against a force of British and Indians, for which he was brevetted a captain and awarded a gold medal by Congress. He was made lieutenant-colonel early in 1814, and resigned in 1817. Colonel Croghan was postmaster at New Orleans in 1824, and late in the next year was appointed inspector-general of the army, with the

at the beginning of the war with Mexico. He died in New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1849.

Croker, RICHARD, politician; born in Black Rock, Ireland, Nov. 24, 1843; was brought to the United States when two years old; received a public school education in New York; was alderman in 1868-70 and 1883; coroner in 1873-76; fire commissioner in 1883; and city chamberlain in 1889-90. He took a prominent part in opposing the Tweed Ring, and since the death of John Kelly has been the recognized leader of Tammany Hall. For several years Mr. Croker has passed a large part of his time annually in England.

Cromwell, Bartlett JefferSON, naval officer; born in Georgia; entered the navy in 1857, and during the Civil War served on the St. Lawrence, Quaker City, Conemaugh, and Proteus, with the South Atlantic and East Gulf blockading squadrons; took part in the attacks on Morris Island and Battery Gregg. He commanded the naval rendezvous in Philadelphia in 1885; was promoted captain in 1889; commodore in 1898; and rear-admiral in 1899; appointed commandant of the Portsmouth navy-yard in 1900; retired in 1902.

CROMWELL, OLIVER

and exhorting among the

Puritans. He became a member of Parliament in 1628, and always exercised much influence in that body. He was a radical in opposition to royalty in the famous Long Parliament.

Cromwell, OLIVER, Lord Protector of Christian worker for good, praying, England; born in Huntingdon, April 25, preaching, 1599. His social position was thus described by himself: "I was by birth a gentleman, neither living in any considerable height nor yet in obscurity." His family was connected with the St. Johns, Hampdens, and other English historical When the civil war began he became families. It is a curious fact that when one of the most active of the men in he was five years of age he had a fight the field, and was made a colonel in 1643 with Prince Charles, who, as king, was under the Earl of Essex, the parliabeheaded and succeeded by Cromwell as mentary lord-general. He raised a cavthe ruler of England. He flogged the alry regiment, and excited in them and young prince, who was then with his fam- other troops which he afterwards led ily visiting Cromwell's uncle. As a boy the religious zeal of the Puritans, and he was much given to robbing orchards directed it with force against royalty. and playing unpleasant pranks. He lived That regiment became the most faa wild life at Sidney-Sussex College, Cam- mous in the revolutionary army. After bridge, whither he was sent in 1616. He the death of the King he resolved to left college after his father's death next become sole ruler of England. He had year, and in 1620 married a daughter of effected the prostration of the monSir James Bourchier, when his manner archy, not from ambitious, but from of life changed, and he became an earnest patriotic motives; but in his efforts

sum

for power after the execution he was a Commons by military force. The same bold operator. When the Scotch par- day the council of state was broken tisans of the son of the King (afterwards up, and for weeks anarchy prevailed Charles II.) invaded England and pene- in England. Cromwell issued a trated to Worcester, Cromwell, with 30,000 mons for 156 persons named to meet English troops, gained a decisive victory over them. Grateful to the victor, the government gave him an estate worth $20,000 a year and assigned him Hampton Court as his abode.

at Westminster as a Parliament. They met (all but two) in July. This was the famous "Barebones's Parliament," so called after one of its Puritan members named Praise God Barebones. It was a He now sought supreme rule. On weak body, and in December, 1653, CromApril 20, 1653, he boldly drove the well was declared Lord Protector of Great remnant of the Long Parliament, which Britain, and the executive and legislative ruled England, out of the House of power were vested in him and a Par