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South Boston Iron Company's foundry, the establishment of a plant for gun1834.

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Dahlgren gun, of iron, cast solid and cooled from the exterior, very thick at breech and diminishing to muzzle; first cast, May, 1850.

Rodman gun, a columbiad model, smoothbore, made by the Rodman process of hollow casting, cooled from the interior; adopted by the United States for all sea-coast cannon, 1860.

First 10-lb. Parrot gun, of iron, cast hollow, cooled from the inside and strengthened by an exterior tube made of wrought-iron bars spirally coiled and shrunk on; made at the West Point foundry, 1860.

15-in. Rodman gun, weighing 49,000 lbs., cast by the South Boston Iron Company, 1860.

Parrott gun first put to test of active warfare in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.

Gatling rapid-firing gun, from five to ten barrels around one common axis; tenbarrel Gatling discharges 1,200 shots a minute; range, 3,000 yds.; invented in

1861.

S. B. Dean, of South Boston Iron Company, patents a process of rough boring bronze guns and forcibly expanding the bore to its finished size by means of mandrels, 1869.

making at the Watervliet arsenal, West Troy, 1889.

Manufacture of heavy ordnance begun at the Washington navy-yard, 1890.

Hotchkiss gun, English make, five barrels, revolving around a common axis, placed upon block weighing about 386 tons, fires thirty rounds a minute; adopted by the United States in 1891.

Automatic rapid firing gun, invented by John and Matthew Browning, of Ogden, Utah; firing 400 shots in one minute and forty-nine seconds; adopted by the United States in 1896.

Zalinski's dynamite gun, calibre 15 ins.; throws 500 lbs. of explosive gela. tine 2,100 yds.; also discharges smaller shells. Three of the guns of this class were used with tremendous effect by the United States dynamite cruiser Vesuvius at the bombardment of Santiago de Cuba in 1898, and larger ones have been installed at Fort Warren, Boston; Fort Schuyler, N. Y.; Fort Hancock, N. J., and at San Francisco.

Graydon dynamite gun, calibre 15 ins.; using 3,000 lbs. of compressed air to the square inch; throws 600 lbs. of dynamite 3 miles.

Armstrong gun, calibre 6 ins.; weight of shot, 69.7 lbs. ; of powder, 34 lbs. ; pressure per square inch, 31,000 lbs.

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Hurst, double charge gun, same principles apply as in the Armstrong and Haskell guns.

Brown wire-wound gun, made in segments; kind authorized by Congress, 37% ft. long; weight, 30,000 lbs.

Maxim Nordenfeldt quick-firing gun; lowest weight, 25 lbs.; maximum firing ability, 650 rounds a minute.

Cannon, GEORGE Q., Mormon leader; born in Liverpool, England, Jan. 11, 1827; came to the United States in 1844; brought up in the Mormon faith; was driven out of Nauvoo, Ill., with the other Mormons in 1846, and settled in Utah in 1847. In 1857 he was chosen an apostle; in 187282 represented the Territory of Utah in Congress; and during this period his right to a seat in that body was many times hotly contested. He became the object of public scorn and suffered much personal calumniation both in Congress and in the Congress makes an appropriation for press, but held his seat till absolutely

Pneumatic dynamite torpedo-gun built and mounted at Fort Lafayette (founded on invention of D. M. Mefford, of Ohio), 1885.

forced to retire. When Utah was seek- anger, but sent them back to Plymouth ing admission into the Union he was one as tokens of peace. The chief and his asof the chief promoters of the movement. sociates honorably sued for the friendship He died in Monterey, Cal., April 12, 1901. of the white people. Canonicus became Cannon, JOSEPH G., born in Guilford, the firm friend of the English, especially N. C., May 7, 1836, admitted to bar of of Roger Williams, who found a retreat Illinois, 1861; member of Congress from in his dominions. Before Williams's arIllinois, 1873-91 and 1891-1901; Speaker of the House 58th, 59th, 60th, and 61st Congresses.

rival, there had been war between the Narragansets and Pequods, concerning the ownership of lands, in which a son of Canonicus was slain. In his grief the king burned his own house and all his goods in it. Roger Williams, who often experienced his kindness, spoke of Canonicus as "a wise and peaceable prince.” He was uncle of MIANTONOMOH (q. v.), who succeeded him as sachem of the Narragansets in 1638. Canonicus died June 4, 1647.

Cantilever. See BRIDGES.

Cap, LIBERTY. See LIBERTY CAP.

Cannon, NEWTON, military officer; born in Guilford county, N. C., about 1781; colonel of the Tennessee Mounted Rifles in 1813, in the engagement with the Creek Indians at Tallusahatchee on Nov. 3; rep resentatative in Congress, 1814-17 and 1819-23; governor of Tennessee, 1835-39. He died in Harpeth, Tenn., Sept. 29, 1842. Cannon, WILLIAM, patriot; born in Bridgeville, Del., in 1809; member of the Peace Congress in 1861, "the firm friend of the Crittenden Compromise and of an Cape Ann, original name of the presunbroken union." In 1864 he became gov- ent city of Gloucester, Mass., noted for ernor of Delaware. On one occasion when more than 250 years for its extensive that body denounced a certain law of fishery interests. It was chosen as a Congress he proclaimed that any United place of settlement for a fishing colony by States officer found guilty by a State Rev. John White (a long time rector of court for performing his duty to the gov- Trinity Church, Dorchester, England) and ernment should receive his pardon. He several other influential persons. Through advised the legislature in 1864 to adopt the exertions of Mr. White, a joint-stock measures for the liberation of slaves. He association was formed, called the "Dordied in Philadelphia, Pa., March 1, 1865. chester Adventurers," with a capital of Canonicus, Indian chief; king of the about $14,000. Cape Anne was purchased, Narragansets; born about 1565. He was and fourteen persons, with live-stock, were at first unwilling to be friendly with sent out in 1623, who built a house and the Pilgrims at New Plymouth. To show made preparations for curing fish. Afhis contempt and defiance of the English, fairs were not prosperous there. Roger he sent a message to Governor Bradford Conant was chosen governor in 1625, but with a bundle of arrows in a rattlesnake's the Adventurers became discouraged and skin. concluded on dissolving the colony. Through the encouragement of Mr. White, some of the colonists remained, but, not liking their seat, they went to Naumkeag, now Salem, where a permanent colony was settled. Population in 1890, 24,651; in 1900, 26,121.

That was at the dead of winter, 1622. It was a challenge to engage in war in the spring. Like the venomous serpent that wore the skin, the symbol of hostility gave warning before the blow should be struck-a virtue seldom exercised by the Indians. Bradford acted wisely. He accepted the challenge by sending the significant quiver back filled with gunpowder and shot. “What can these things be?" inquired the ignorant and curious savage mind, as the ammunition was carried from village to village, in superstitious awe, as objects of evil omen. They had heard of the great guns at the sea-side, and they dared not keep the 1763; mysterious symbols of the governor's 1819.

Cape Breton, a large island at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and separated from Nova Scotia by the narrow strait of Canso; discovered by Cabot, 1497. The French fortress LOUISBURG (q. v.) was situated on this island. This was taken by the New England troops in 1745. Island ceded to England, Feb. 10, incorporated with Nova Scotia, Population, 1901, 97,605.

Cape Fear, ACTION AT.

Gen. Braxton indicated that the Nome district would Bragg was in command of the Confederates compare for richness with the celebrated KLONDIKE (q. v.) region. In the short season of 1899 the yield in gold from this section alone was estimated at $1,500,000.

in the Cape Fear region at the time of the fall of Fort Fisher, and General Hoke was his most efficient leader. He held Fort Anderson, a large earthwork about halfway between Fort Fisher and Wilmington. Gen. Alfred Terry did not think it prudent to advance on Wilmington until he should be reinforced. To effect this, General Grant ordered Schofield from Tennessee to the coast of North Carolina, where he arrived, with the 23d Corps, on Feb. 9, 1865, and swelled Terry's force of 8,000 to 20,000. Schofield, outranking Terry, took the chief command. The Department of North Carolina had just been created, and he was made its commander. The chief object now was to occupy Goldsboro, in aid of Sherman's march to that place. Terry was pushed forward towards Hoke's right, and, with gunboats, attacked Fort Anderson (Feb. 18) and drove the Confederates from it. The fleeing garrison was pursued, struck, and dispersed, with a loss of 375 men and two guns. The National troops pressed up both sides of the Cape Fear River, pushed Hoke back, while gunboats secured torpedoes in the stream and erected batteries on both banks. Hoke abandoned Wilmington, Feb. 22, 1865, after destroying all the steamers and naval stores there. Among the former were the Confederate privateers Chickamauga and Tallahassee. Wilmington was occupied by National troops, and the Confederates abandoned the Cape Fear region.

Capital, NATIONAL. The seat of gov ernment of the United States was permanently settled in the city of Washington, D. C., in the summer of 1800. It seemed like transferring it to a wilderness. Only the north wing of the Capitol was finished, and that was fitted up to accommodate both Houses of Congress. The President's house was finished externally, but much had to be done on the inside. There was only one good tavern, and that was insufficient to accommodate half the Congressmen. There was only a path through an alder swamp along the line of Pennsylvania Avenue from the President's house to the Capitol. Mrs. Adams wrote concerning the President's house that it was superb in design, but then dreary beyond endurance. "I could content myself almost anywhere for three months," she said, "but, surrounded with forests, can you believe that wood is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut and cart it! . . . We have, indeed, come into a new country." The public offices had hardly been established in the city when the War-office, a wooden structure, took fire and was burned with many valuable papers.

From time to time there have been movements in favor of removing the seat of government from Washington, D. C. The first of this kind was in 1808. The really miserable situation

Cape Nome, a cape extending from the southern part of the western peninsula of Alaska, which lies between Kotzebue and condition of the city at that time Sound on the north, and Bering Sea on rendered a removal desirable to most of the south. It is about 2,500 miles north- the members of Congress, and the city west of Seattle, and 175 miles southeast of Philadelphia, anxious to win it back of Siberia. In September, 1898, gold was to the banks of the Delaware, offered to first discovered here by a party of Swedes. furnish every accommodation to Congress Since then it has become the centre of a and the public offices at its own expense. rich gold-mining region, which lies about The new Hall of Representatives, by its the lower course of the Snake River, a ill adaptation whether for speakers or winding stream emerging from a range hearers, occasioned great dissatisfaction. of mountains not exceeding from 700 to A motion for removal occasioned much 1,200 feet in altitude. In October, 1899, discussion in Congress and great exciteNome City had a population of 5,000 in- ment in the District of Columbia, espehabitants living in tents. It is believed cially among land-owners. The Southern that the rapid growth of this town has members objected to Philadelphia because never been equalled. Early prospecting they would there be continually pestered

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by anti-slavery politicians and other annoyances connected with the subject. A resolution for removal came within a very few votes of passing. It is believed that it would have been carried but for the opposition of the Southern men to Philadelphia. In more recent years there have been agitations favoring removal to St. Louis or some other Western city, on the ground of having it in a more central location geographically.

sent the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, the Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and the Resignation of Washington's Commission at Annapolis. To these have since been added others, of the same general sizenamely, the Landing of Columbus, by John Vanderlyn; the Burial of De Soto, by George Powell; the Baptism of Pocahontas, by J. G. Chapman; the EmIn 1816 Congress, by joint resolu- barkation of the Pilgrims, by Robert W. tion, authorized the President of the Weir; President Lincoln Signing the United States to procure, for the or- Emancipation Proclamation, by Frank namenting of the new Capitol, then B. Carpenter, etc. The old Hall of Repbuilding, four large paintings of Revolutionary scenes from the hand of John Trumbull, a worthy pupil of Benjamin West. He possessed a large num- two of its most distinguished citizens. ber of portraits of the prominent actors in the events of the Revolution, painted by himself, and these he used in his compositions. These pictures are now in the rotunda of the Capitol, under the magnificent dome, and are of peculiar historic value, as they perpetuate correct like nesses of the men whom Americans delight to honor. These paintings repre

resentatives is now used for a national Hall of Statuary, to which each State has been asked to contribute statues of

The Capitol has already become the permanent depository of a large collection of grand paintings and statuary illustrative of the progress of the nation.

The Capitol was made a vast citadel on the arrival of troops there after the close of April, 1861. Its halls and committeerooms were used as barracks for the sol

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