diers; its basement galleries were con- retary Root in Washington in regard to a verted into store-rooms for barrels of pork, constitutional recognition of the future re

Caravel, a small sea-going vessel of den fire was opened upon them. The about 100 tons' burden, built somewhat first shot crippled the steering-gear of like a galley, formerly used by the Span- the Winslow, and another wrecked her ish and Portuguese; two of the vessels boiler, wounding her commander, Lieut. of Columbus on his first voyage to America were caravels.

John B. Bernadon, and killing Ensign WORTH BAGLEY (q. v.) and four men. During this action the Wilmington sailed within 1,800 yards of the shore, till she almost touched bottom, and after sending 376 shells into the batteries and the town silenced the Spanish fire. In the mean time, amid a storm of shots, the Hudson ran alongside of the Winslow, and drew her out of danger.

Cardinal, a prince in the Church of Rome, the council of the Pope, and the conclave or "sacred college," at first was the principal priest or incumbent of the parishes in Rome, and said to have been called cardinale in 853. The cardinals claimed the exclusive power of electing the Pope about 1179. In the United States the first cardinal was John McCloskey, Archbishop of New York, created March 15, 1875; the second, James Gib

Card-cloth. The manufacture of cards for carding wool by hand was quite an important industry in America before the Revolution, and was carried on successfully during that war. In 1787 Oliver Evans, the pioneer American inventor, then only twenty-two years of age, and engaged in making card - teeth by hand, invented a machine that produced 300 a minute. Already Mr. Crittendon, of New Haven, Conn., had invented a machine (1784) which produced 86,000 card teeth, cut and bent, in an hour. These inventions led to the contrivance of machines for making card-cloth-that is, a species of comb used in the manufacture of woollen or cotton cloths, for the purpose of carding and arranging the fibres preparatory to spinning. It consists of stout leather filled with wire card-teeth, bons, Archbishop of Baltimore, created and is the chief part of the carding-machine in factories. A machine for making the card-cloth complete was invented by Eleazar Smith, of Walpole, Mass., at or near the close of the eighteenth century, for which invention Amos Whittemore received the credit and the profit (see WHITTEMORE, AMOS). This invention was imperfect. About 1836 William B. Earle made improvements, which were modified in 1843.

Cardenas, a seaport in the province of Matanzas, Cuba, about 90 miles east of Havana. It was here, on May 11, 1898, that the Wilmington, a United States gunboat, engaged the fortifications and Spanish gunboats, and rescued the Hudson and Winslow, which had steamed within range of a masked battery. Three Spanish gunboats which lay under the fortifications had been challenged by the torpedo-boat Winslow and other United States vessels, but they refused to leave the protection of the batteries. When the Wilmington arrived and found the range at 2,500 yards, the Hudson and Winslow steamed into the inner harbor to attack the Spanish vessels. They did not, however, suspect that there was a strong battery near the water's edge until a sud

June 7, 1886; the third, Sebastian Martinelli, titular Archbishop of Ephesus and Papal Ablegate to the United States, oreated April 15, 1901.

Carey, HENRY CHARLES, political economist; born in Philadelphia, Dec. 15, 1793; retired from the book-trade in 1835 and devoted himself to the study of political economy, publishing many important books on the subject. Free-trade, in his opinion, while the ideal condition, could be reached only through protection. He died in Philadelphia, Oct. 13, 1879.

Carey, MATTHEW, publicist; born in Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 28, 1760; learned the business of printer and bookseller. He was compelled to fiy to Paris, in consequence of a charge of sedition, but returned to Ireland in the course of a year, where, in 1783, he edited the Freeman's Journal, and established the Volunteer's Journal. Because of a violent attack on Parliament, he was confined in Newgate prison; and after his release he sailed for the United States, arriving in Philadel phia. Nov. 15, 1784. There he started the Pennsylvania Herald. He married in 1791, and began business as a bookseller. He was active in works of benevolence during the prevalence of yel

low fever in Philadelphia, and wrote and the Duke of Cumberland in the German published a history of that epidemic. He campaign of 1757; was with Amherst in was an associate of Bishop White and the siege of Louisburg in 1758; with Wolfe others in the formation of the first Amer- at Quebec (1759) as quartermaster-genican Sunday-school society. While the eral; and was a brigadier-general at the War of 1812-15 was kindling he wrote siege of Belle Isle, where he was wounded. much on political subjects, and in 1814 He was also quartermaster-general in the his Olive Branch appeared, in which he expedition against Havana in 1762, and attempted to harmonize the contending in 1767 he was made lieutenant-governor parties in the United States. It passed of Quebec. The next year he was appointthrough ten editions. In 1819 appeared ed governor. In 1772 he was promoted to his vindication of his countrymen, entitled major-general, and in 1774 was made gov Vindica Hiberniæ. In 1820 he published ernor-general of the Province of Quebec. his New Olive Branch, which was followed by a series of tracts extending to more than 2,000 pages, the object being to demonstrate the necessity of a protective system. His writings on political economy were widely circulated. His advocacy of internal improvements led to the construction of the Pennsylvania canals. He published Bibles, etc., which were sold by book-agents. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 16, 1839.

Carey's Rebellion. See NORTH CAROLINA, 1706-11.

Carleton, SIR GUY, LORD DORCHESTER, civil and military officer; born in Stra

GUY CARLETON.

bane, Ireland, Sept. 3, 1724; entered the Guards at an early age, and became a lieutenant-colonel in 1748. He was aide to

In an expedition against the forts on Lake Champlain in 1775 he narrowly escaped capture; and at the close of the year he successfully resisted a siege of Quebec by Montgomery. The next spring and summer he drove the Americans out of Canada, and totally defeated the American flotilla in an engagement on Lake Champlain in October.

Sir John Burgoyne had been in England during the earlier part of 1777, and managed, by the help of Sir Jeffrey Amherst, 'to obtain a commission to take command of all the British forces in Canada. To do this he played the sycophant to Germain, and censured Carleton. When Sir John arrived at Quebec (May 6, 1777), Carleton was amazed at despatches brought by him rebuking the governor for his conduct of the last campaign, and ordering him, "for the speedy quelling of the rebellion," to make over to Burgoyne, his inferior officer, the command of the Canadian army as soon as it should leave the boundary of the Province of Quebec. The unjust reproaches and the deprivation of his military command greatly irritated Carleton, but, falling back on his civil dignity as governor, he implicitly obeyed all commands and answered the requisitions of Burgoyne. As a soothing opiate to his wounded pride, Burgoyne conveyed to the governor the patent and the jewel of a baronet.

Governor Carleton was a strict disciplinarian, and always obeyed instructions to the letter. When Burgoyne, after the capture of Ticonderoga (July, 1777), pushing on towards the valley of the Hudson, desired Carleton to hold that post with the 3,000 troops which had been left in Canada, the governor refused, pleading his instructions, which confined him to his

own province. This unexpected refusal in 1858; and did efficient service in Miswas the first of the embarrassments Bur- souri for the Union in the early part goyne endured after leaving Lake Cham- of the Civil War, where he commanded plain. He was compelled, he said, to a district until March, 1862. He com"drain the life-blood of his army" to manded a brigade under Generals Steele garrison Ticonderoga and hold Lake and Pope, which bore a prominent part in George. No doubt this weakening of his the battle of STONE RIVER (q. v.). In the army at that time was one of the princi- operations in northern Georgia late in pal causes of his defeat near Saratoga. 1863, and in the Atlanta campaign the Carleton was made lieutenant-general in next year, he was very active. In the fa1778; was appointed commander-in-chief mous march to the sea he commanded of the British forces in America in 1781; a division in the 14th Corps; and was and sailed for England Nov. 25, 1783. with Sherman in his progress through the In 1786 he was created Baron Dorchester, Carolinas, fighting at Bentonville. He and from that year until 1796 he was was brevetted major general, U. S. A. governor of British North America. He in 1893; and was retired Nov. 24 of that died Nov. 10, 1808. year.

Carleton, JAMES HENRY, military offi- Carlisle, FREDERICK HOWARD, fifth cer; born in Maine in 1814. He served EARL OF, royal commissioner; born in in the Mexican War, and when the Civil May, 1748; was one of the three commisWar broke out was ordered to southern sioners sent on a conciliatory errand to California as major of the 6th United America in 1778; and was lord-lieutenant States Cavalry. In April, 1862, he re- of Ireland in 1780-82. He died Sept. 4, lieved General Canby in the command of 1825. the Department of New Mexico. He Carlisle, JOHN GRIFFIN, statesman; was brevetted major-general, U. S. A. He born in Campbell (now Kenton) county, was the author of The Battle of Buena Ky., Sept. 5, 1835; was admitted to the Vista, with the Operations of the Army bar in 1858. He rapidly acquired a repuof Occupation for one Month. He died in tation both as a lawyer and politician. San Antonio, Tex., Jan. 7, 1873. Having gained experience in both houses of the Kentucky legislature, and served as

Carleton, THOMAS, military officer; born in England in 1736; joined the lieutenant-governor from 1871 to 1875, he British army and came to America in 1755 as an ensign in Wolfe's command; was promoted lieutenant-general in 1798, and general in 1803. During the Revolutionary War he received a wound in the naval battle with Arnold on Lake Champlain in 1776. He died in Ramsgate, England, Feb. 2, 1817.

entered the national House of Representatives in 1877 as Democratic member from his native State. In Congress he became rapidly one of the most notable and influential figures, especially on financial and commercial matters. He was a member of the Ways and Means Committee, and was recognized as one of the ablest debaters and leaders in the movement for revenue reform. When his party obtained control of the House in 1883, Carlisle,

Carleton, WILL, author; born in Hudson, Mich., Oct. 21, 1845; graduated at Hillsdale College; journalist, lecturer, reader, and poet. Editor of Everywhere. as the candidate of the revenue-reform Author of Farm Ballads, Legends, and Festivals; City Ballads, Legends, and Festivals; Young Folks' Centennial Rhymes (1876); Rhymes of Our Planet; Songs of Two Centuries; etc., etc.

Carlin, WILLIAM PASSMORE, military officer; born in Greene county, Ill., Nov. 24, 1829; was graduated at West Point in 1850, and was in the Sioux expeditions under General Harney in 1855, and under General Sumner against the Cheyennes in 1857. He was in the Utah expedition

wing of the Democrats, received the nomination and election to the office of Speaker. He was twice re-elected, serving until 1889. From 1890 to 1893 he was United States Senator. On March 4, 1893, he left the Senate to enter President Cleveland's second cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury, and on retiring therefrom settled in New York City to practise law.

Carmichael, WILLIAM, diplomatist; born in Maryland, date uncertain; was a man of fortune. He was in Europe in