ner sides of the thighs, forearms, and ears. Bristles are very erect and rough. covered with an unctuous secretion. Skin Digestive organs: Mouth, normal. Right guttural lymphatic glands enlarged and pigmented. Left, normal. Stomach: Contains little food; sour; mucous membrane on the great curvature discolored, red and dirty brown. Small intestines with patches of congestion, especially along the folds. Large intestine has enlarged follicles and patches of congestion. Liver: Bears purple patches. Gall bladder full of orange-brown bile. Spleen: Nearly normal. Slightly shrunken and puckered at-its thick extremity. Mesenteric, gastric, hepatic, and mesocolic glands: Darkly pigmented, and some discolored of a deep red. Kidneys: Nearly normal. Lungs: With a few patches mottled of a deep red. Heart: Left side, nearly normal; right side, with purple spots of ecchymosis. 2...do. • F. Remarks. Injected hypodermically dram of inoculated albumen, 4th generation, in inoculation apparatus from blood of pig (experiment 13) which contained moving bacteria. In emptying and recharging the apparatus the liquids were drawn from a newly-broken .88 through a tube previously heated to redness. Purple spots on rump and tail; papules and flaques; purple patches on the hocks. Skin has many hard and brownish black scabs covering a red slightly depressed surface. 101 .... 102 .... .... 103.25 Inoculated with congested intestine of rat which had been frozen over night. 101 101.75 102 22 do 101 Has not eaten its food. Pink spots on skin; black crusts; dung fetid. Purple spots on rump and thighs. Injected 1 dram saline solution with rectal bloody mucus from lamb. 102 103 100.5 .... 100 Suffolk pig killed by bleeding February 18. Tongue, especially in its posterior portion, farred of a brown color. Stomach and intestines: Bore little evidence of change. Lymphatic glands: Pigmented. Liver: Discolored purple patches, and, towards the margin, yellowish staining. Bile, moderate in quantity, orange brown. Spleen: Small-a little puckered at the edges. Kidneys: Very pale; firm and resistant, as if they had undergone fibrous degenera tion. EXPERIMENT No. 9. Rat killed February 18, 1879.-Post-mortem examination immediately after death. Guttural glands: Mottled with red and dark lines. Inguinal glands of a brownish red. Right lung: Firm and gorged with blood. Left lung nearly natural. · Liver deeply mottled with purple. Spleen: Excessively large and gorged with blood. Kidneys: Cortical substance of a very dark red; medullary substance, pale. 14 ...do 16 ...do 17...do 19 ...do 20...do 21...do 22...do .... 103, 25 103 102.5 102.75 102.5 Inoculated to-day with the congested and reddened lymphatic glands and congested lungs of a rat (No. 9) which showed lesions corresponding to those of the swine fever. The infecting matters were inserted in a pouch formed under the true skin. .... 23...do 24...do 25...do 26...do 27...do 28...do Mar. 1...do 2...do ...do 103. 75 Exudation increased and extended over nearly the whole body. 103. 25 102.75 4 6...do 7...do Killed by bleeding March 11.-Post-mortem examination immediately after death. Skin: Inside both thighs extending down to the hocks are discolored spots and patches, not effaceable by pressure. The molasses-like exudation on the skin is nearly dry on the body, but still soft and unctuous on the legs. Digestive organs: Tongue healthy. Guttural lymphatic glands enlarged and pig mented. Stomach: Has its mucous membrane mottled of a dark-purplish brown on its great curvature. Duodenum: Slightly congested in its upper portion. Remainder of the small intestines present patches of slight inflammation. Ilio-cæcal valve normal. Large intestines: Present small globular elevations like enlarged solitary glands. These are especially abundant in the colon. The duodenal lymphatic glands: Of a deep red, almost black. Mesenteric lymphatic glands enlarged and deeply pigmented. Sublumbar lymphatic glands and the inguinal are similarly enlarged and pigmented. Spleen: Normal, except that it is very firm and puckered along its border. Liver: Firm. Patches of purple discoloration are seen, especially at the borders. Gall bladder full; bile of a bright-yellowish green. Kidneys: Nearly normal. Cortical substance a little pale. Urinary bladder: Full. Density of urine 1026. Heart: Empty. Endocardium of left ventricle with numerous dark petechial spots. Parasites: Five ascarides in small intestines; one hairheaded worm in cæcum. Post-mortem examination immediately after death. Skin: A few purple discolorations on the inner side of the hocks. The molasseslike exudation has dried up into a black incrustation. Digestive organs: Mouth and connections normal. Guttural lymphatic glands: Slightly pigmented. Stomach: Has several extensive dark-reddish patches on the mucous membrane covering the great curvature, shading off with bright red at the margins. Duodenum: Congested along the margins of the folds of mucous membrane with patches of bright-red punctiform petechiæ. Jejunum and ileum: Congested along the folds of mucous membrane, especially in the middle part of its course. Near the ilio-cæcal valve are bright-red punctiform petechiæ. Duodenal lymphatic glands: Of a dark-red hue, almost black. Anterior mesenterio glands are deeply pigmented, and in many cases of a deep red. Large intestine: Has follicles enlarged. These are especially numerous in the colon. The rectum bears patches of congestion and the lymphatic glands adjacent are of a deep red. t Spleen: Small and firm, ridged or puckered at its free border. Not gorged with blood. Liver: Firm, nearly normal. Gall bladder filled with a bright, yellowish-green bile. Kidneys: Nearly healthy. Medullary substance a little more highly colored than natural. Lungs: Normal. Contains two lung worms. Prepectoral lymphatic glands: Slightly pigmented. Right inguinal glands: Of a deep red. Left the seat of grayish pigmentation. Heart: Left ventricle deeply discolored internally by ineffaceable deep purple and crimson stains. Right ventricle normal. Right auricle contains a large clot. Intestinal parasites: One ascaris in jejunum; four tricocephali in cæcum. CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA OR LUNG Prof. JAMES LAW, V. S., of Cornell University, New York, has issued a valuable work of about one hundred pages, entitled "The lung-plague of cattle-contagious pleuro-pneumonia." This work is all the more valuable from the recent experience of Dr. Law in the treatment of this disease, for it will be remembered by many of the readers of this brief review that he was last spring appointed by the governor of New York to act as chief of a commission of veterinarians to assist the State authorities in devising and carrying out such measures as it was hoped would result in the complete suppression of this deadly malady among the cattle of that State. He states many facts connected with the history of the disease in this country uot heretofore generally known, and also corrects some errors and misapprehensions touching the disease itself which English veterinarians have fallen into. He says that the name of the disease (pleuro-pneumonia) has been largely misapprehended by the medical mind, and that there is no proof that the malady, like other imflammations of the organs within the chest, is caused by exposure, inclement weather, changes of climate or season, imperfect ventilation, &c. Other names have been, at different times, employed; for instance, Peripneumonia, Peripneumonia pecorum enzootica or epizootica, Peripneu monia exudativa enzootica or contagiosa, Peripneumonia pecorum epizootica typhosa, Pleuro-pneumonia interlobularis exudativa, Pneumonia catarrhalis gastrica asthenica, Pleuritis rheumatica-exudativa. But Dr. Law regards all of these terms as objectionable, and says if the term contagious (contagiosa) be added to any of these definitions it only removes the difficulty a short step, "for the physician still concludes that the affection is due to local or general causes, and that if it arises in one animal under such circumstances it may in one million, subject to the same conditions; that its general prevalence, at any time or place, may be altogether due to the environment, and that the doctrine of contagion is either founded on insufficient data or true only in a restricted sense and entirely subsidiary to the generally acting causes. But the malady, as known to veterinarians of to-day, is always and only the result of contagion or infection." Therefore, a name better adapted to set forth the character of the disease without the risk of misleading should be chosen, and for this reason Dr. Law has adopted that of contagious lung-plague of cattle, the new counterpart of the Lungenseuche, by which it has long been known in Germany. He regards the old term, pulmonary murrain, as equally good. The German Lungenseuche is especially apposite, the real meaning being lung contagion, which conveys the idea of transmission by contagion only. He therefore gives, as a definition of the malady, a specific contagious disease peculiar to cattle, and manifested by a long period of incubation (ten days to three months) by a slow, insidious onset, by a low type of fever, and by the occurrence of inflammation in the air passages, lungs, and their coverings, with an extensive exudation into lungs and pleuræ. After reciting the history of the malady in the Old World, in which the statement is made that Great Britain alone has lost not less than $10,000,000 per annum by the ravages of the disease since the year 1812, the following brief history of its invasion and continous existence in this country is given: Into Brooklyn, Long Island (New York), it was introduced in 1843 in the system of a ship cow, purchased by Peter Dunn from the captain of an English vessel. From Dunn's herd it spread to others adjacent and speedily infected the whole west end of the island, as will be noticed later at greater length. Into Massachusetts the plague was introduced on the 23d of July, 1859, in the bodies of four Dutch cows, imported by Winthrop W. Chenery, of Belmont, near Boston. These cows were procured from Purmerend and the Beemster, and were kept in stables for several days at the port of Rotterdam, an infected city, before being put on board the vessel. They were shipped April 6, passed forty-seven days at sea, and were ill during the last twenty days, one of the number having been unable to stand. On landing, two were able to walk to the farm, while the other two had to be carried in wagons. The worst cow was killed May 31, and the second died June 2; the third did well till June 20, when she was severely attacked and died in ten days; the fourth recovered. On August 20 another cow, imported in 1852, sickened and died in a few days, and others followed in rapid succession. In the first week of September, Mr. Chenery isolated his herd, and declined all offers to purchase, being now convinced that he was dealing with the bovine lung-plague of Europe. Unfortunately, on June 23, he had sold three calves to Curtis Stoddard, of North Brookfield, Worcester County, one of which was noticed to be sick on the way to Curtis' farm. Several days later Leonard Stoddard (father of Curtis) took this calf to his farm to cure it, and kept it in his barn with forty cattle for four days, when he returned it to his son. It died August 20. Curtis Stoddard lost no more until November 1, when he sold eleven young cattle to as many different purchasers, and wherever these went the disease was developed. In one case more than 200 cattle were infected by one of these Stoddard heifers. Of the nine cattle which he retained seven were killed and found to be badly diseased. An ox of L. Stoddard's sickened two weeks after he had returned the diseased calf to his son, and soon died. Two weeks later a second was taken sick and died; then a dozen in rapid succession. From this herd were affected those of the following: Messrs. Needham, Woods, Olmsted, and Huntingdon. Olmsted sold a yoke of oxen to Doane, who lent them to assist with twenty-three yoke of cattle in removing a building in North Brookfield. These belonged to eleven different herds, all of which were thereby infected. This will suffice to show how the disease was disseminated. In the next four years it was found in herds in the following towns: Milton, Dorchester, Quincy, Lincoln, Ashby, Roxborough, Lexington, Waltham, Hingham, East Marshfield, Sherborn, Dover, Halliston, Ashland, Natick, Northborough, Chelmsford, Dedham, and Nahant, and on Deer Island. By the spring of 1860 the State had been aroused to its danger, and in April an act was passed "to provide for the extirpation of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle," which empowered the commissioners to kill all cattle in herds where the disease was known or suspected to exist. With various intervals this and succeeding commissions were kept in existence for six years, and the last remnants of the plague having been extinguished, the last resigned definitely in 1866. The records show that 1,164 cattle were slaughtered by orders of the commissioners, in addition to others disposed of by the selectmen of the different towns in 1863, when the commission was temporarily suspended. The money disbursed by the State was $67,511.07, and by the infected towns $10,000, making a grand total of $77,511.07, in addition to all losses by deaths from the plague, depreciation, &c. Dr. E. F. Thayer, Newtown, was the professional commissioner who brought this work to a successful end. An importation into New Jersey in 1847 is recorded, to check which the importer, Mr. Richardson, is said to have slaughtered his whole herd, valued at $10,000, for the good of the State. Unfortunately, all New Jersey men were not so public spirited, and subsequently importations from New York and mayhap also from Europe have since spread this pestilence widely over the State. From New Jersey it spread to Pennsylvania and Delaware, and thence to Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia, in all of which it still prevails. Of the progress of the disease southward from New York the records are somewhat imperfect, yet sufficient to show a steady advance. Robert Jennings records its existence in Camden and Gloucester Counties, New Jersey, in 1859, and its introduction into Philadelphia in 1860. It spread to "The Neck," in the southern part of the county, killing from 30 to 50 per cent. of infected herds, and spread in 1861 into Delaware and into Burlington County, New Jersey. In 1868 Mr. Martin Goldsborough assured Pro |