that showed he had neither affection nor sentiment, and when Fathers Fudzinski and Hickey offered him the consolations of religion he gave them cursings, and went to his death unrepentent, like a soulless spirit alien to his race.

Czolgosz's cell was fourth in a row of five, all filled with condemned murderers, and when called to pay the just penalty he had to walk less than fifty feet to reach the death chamber, where the electric chair was in readiness to receive him in its fatal embrace. He had slept soundly the night before, and ate a hearty breakfast the last morning, and was well nourished, so with the fortitude of a degenerate he went forth unsupported and apparently as indifferent as if going upon an unimportant errand. He was plainly dressed, in black trousers, loose gray shirt, and with socks to match, as there was no need now for other clothing. His trousers were split at the bottom to permit the placing of an electrode to the calf of his left leg, and his shirt was left open at the neck to enable the doctors to take the count of his heartbeats after the electric current had been shot through his body.

Appearance of the Murderer.-It was a few moments past 7 a. m. when, by order of the warden, Czolgosz was brought from his cell and conducted by two deputies to the death chamber. He was very pale, but held his head erect, and showed remarkable resolution. to the end. The witnesses, twenty, all told, in number, took seats in chairs arranged along the side of the chamber, and when the condemned man came in there was noticeable shrinking and excitement over the sight which they were soon to behold. No time was lost in ceremony, for the victim of a just law was led directly to the death chair, in which he seated himself without the least evidence of fear, and in a steady voice he uttered the following words:

Scene of the Execution.-"I killed the President because he was an enemy of the good people-of the working people," and as the guard pushed back his head and began to strap his forehead and chin Czolgosz spoke loudly, "I am not sorry for my crime, but I am awfully

sorry I could not see my father." These were his last words, for the straps were immediately adjusted, and at 7.12 Electrician Davis pulled the switch that sent 1,700 volts coursing through the victim. Death was, no doubt, instantaneous, for the body strained so hard against the leather straps that they creaked shockingly, while the hands clutched, and the whole attitude was one of extreme tenseness. The current was on for forty-five seconds, and then cut off, whereupon the body collapsed instantly. Again the great voltage was repeated, and even a third time, followed always by rigidity of the body, which became limp at once when the current was shut off. At 7.15 the execution was complete, and pronouncement of the fact was made by the warden two seconds later. The witnesses were visibly affected, particularly when the body was lifted from the death chair and laid upon an operating table preparatory to an autopsy being made by Drs. Gerin and McDonald. Examination of the brain disclosed the fact that it was slightly above normal in weight and perfectly healthy.

The body of Czolgosz being unclaimed by his relatives it was buried in the prison yard, in quicklime and vitriol, to insure its complete destruction in twelve hours.

The law had been vindicated and the murder of our beloved President avenged.

XXVII.

LESSONS OF THE TRAGEDY.

BY DAVID STARR JORDAN,

President Leland Stanford University.

All Violence is Treason.-One plain lesson is this: Under democracy all violence is treason. Whosoever throws a stone at a scab teamster, whosoever fires a shot at the President of the United States, is an enemy of the Republic. He is guilty of high treason in his heart, and treason in thought works itself out in lawlessness of action.

The central fact of democracy is agreement with law. It is our law: we have made it. If it is wrong we can change it, but the compact of democracy is that we change it in peace. "The sole source of power under God is the consent of the governed." This Cromwell wrote once across the statute books of Parliament. This, in other words, our fathers wrote in our own Constitution. The will of the people is the sole source of any statute you or I may be called on to obey. It is the decree of no army, the dictum of no President. It is the work of no aristocracy; not of blood nor of wealth. It is simply our own understanding that we shall do right, shall behave justly, shall live and let our neighbor live. If our law is tyrannous it is our ignorance which has made it so. Let it pinch a little and we shall find out what hurts Then it will be time to change. Laws are made through the ballot, and through the ballot we can unmake them. There is no other honest way, no other way that is safe and no other way which is effective. To break the peace is to invite tyranny. Lawlessness is the expression of weakness, of ignorance, of unpatriotism. If tyranny

us.

provokes anarchy so does anarchy necessitate tyranny. Confusion. brings the man on horseback. It was to keep away both anarchy and tyranny that the public school was established in America.

The Shadow of Humiliation.-Three times has our nation been called upon to pass into the shadow of humiliation, and each time. in the past its severe lesson it has learned. When Lincoln fell, slavery perished. To the American of to-day human slavery in a land of civilization is almost an impossible conception, yet many of us who think ourselves still young can remember when half of this land held other men in bondage and the dearest hope of freedom was that such things should not go on forever. I can remember when we looked forward to the time when "at least the present form of slavery should be no more." For democracy and slavery could not subsist together. The Union could not stand-half slave, half free.

The last words of Garfield were these: "Strangulatus pro republica," "slain for the Republic." The feudal tyranny of the spoils system which had made Republican administration a farce has not had, since Garfield's time, a public defender. It has not vanished from our politics, but its place is where it belongs, among the petty wrongs of maladministration.

Again a President is slain for the Republic-and the lesson is the homely one of peace and order, patience and justice, respect for ourselves through respect for law, for public welfare and for public right.

Lawless Sensationalism.-For this country is passing through a time of storm and stress, a flurry of lawless sensationalism. The irresponsible journalism, the industrial wars, the display of hastily gotten wealth, the grasping of monopoly, the walking delegate, the vulgar cartoon, the sympathetic strike, the unsympathetic lockout, the foul-mouthed agitator, are all symptoms of a single disease, the loss of patriotism, the decay of the sense of justice. As in other cases, the symptoms feed the disease, as well as indicate it. The deed of