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which method of ratification shall be used, and under either methods the votes of three-fourths of the states are required for the ratification of the amendment.

So far in the history of this country, all constitutional amendments have been proposed by Congress and ratified by state legislatures.

In all, eighteen amendments have been proposed, of which fifteen have been ratified. The first Congress proposed twelve arıendments of which the first two were rejected. The other ten were ratified and became the first ten amendments. The two proposed amendments which failed to secure the approval of a sufficient number of states, related to the apportionment of representatives, and the pay of the senators and representatives. In the winter of 1860–61, an amendment numbered the thirteenth, whose avowed purpose was the protection of slavery, was passed through Congress by a narrow margin, but was ratified by only three states.

The full text of the first rejected amendment was as follows: "After the first enumeration required by the first Article of the Constitution, there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred representatives, nor less than one representative for every forty thousand persons until the number of representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred representatives, nor more than one representative for every fifty thousand persons."

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Vol. II-16.

FOURTH SUBJECT.

State Constitutions.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF STATE CONSTITU

TIONS.

SECTION 1. RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE STATES AND THAT OF THE UNITED STATES.

There exists in many respects a strong resemblance between the government of the United States and the governments of the States. The similarity, however, is one which appears stronger on first view than it is found to be on close analysis. The points of resemblance are those which catch the eye of the most casual observer; the differences must be sought out by the student of Constitutional law. The underlying principles of State Constitutions and the Constitution of the United States are so fundamentally divergent that they cannot be studied together to good advantage. The mistake of so many writers on Constitutional law of treating all American Constitutions under the general head of "Constitutional Law" has done much to throw this whole subject into unnecessary confusion. As, however, everything that is common to State and Federal Constitutions, and also the relations between the Federal and State governments, have been already treated in the third subject, only a small space will be devoted to the special treatment of State Constitutions.

The fact that the Constitution of the United States is "the supreme law of the land" does not indicate the most fundamental distinction between the Federal and

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