tire on American society. He died in the Puritan policy. He died at sea in Twickenham, England, Dec. 23, 1888. 1855. Oliver, ANDREW, governor; born in Boston, March 28, 1706; graduated at Harvard in 1724; a representative in the General Court from 1743 to 1746; one of his Majesty's council from 1746 to 1765; secretary of the province from 1756 to 1770; and succeeded Hutchinson (his brother-inlaw) as lieutenant-governor. In 1765 he was hung in effigy because he was a stamp distributer, and his course in opposition to the patriotic party in Boston caused him to share the unpopularity of Hutchinson. His letters, with those of Hutchinson, were sent by Franklin to Boston, and created great commotion there. He died in Boston, March 3, 1774. See HUTCHINSON, THOMAS. Oliver, BENJAMIN LYNDE, author; born in Marblehead, Mass., in 1788; was admitted to the bar. His publications include The Rights of an American Citizen; Law Summary; Forms of Practice, or American Precedents in Personal and Real Actions; Forms in Chancery, Ad miralty, and Common Law, etc. He died in 1843. Oliver, PETER, jurist; born in Boston, Mass., March 26, 1713; was a brother of Andrew Oliver, and graduated at Harvard in 1730. After holding several offices, he was made judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts in 1756, and in 1771 chief-justice of that court. His course in Boston in opposition to the patriots made him very unpopular, and he was one of the crowd of loyalists who fled from that city with the British army in March, 1776. He went to England, where he lived on a pension from the British crown. He was an able writer of both prose and poetry. Chief-Justice Oliver, on receiving his appointment, refused to accept his salary from the colony, and was impeached by the Assembly and declared suspended until the issue of the impeachment was reached. The Assembly of Massachusetts had voted the five judges of the Superior Court ample salaries from the colonial treasury, and called upon them to refuse the corrupting pay from the crown. Only Oliver refused, and he shared the fate of Hutchinson. He died in Birmingham, England, Oct. 13, 1791. the earliest settlers in Ohio, locating in Marietta. He filled various State offices, and died in Marietta, O., in May, 1810. Oliver, HENRY KEMBLE, musician; born in Beverly, Mass., Nov. 24, 1800; gradu- Oliver, ROBERT, military officer; born ated at Dartmouth College in 1818; in Boston, Mass., in 1738; served through taught music for many years; elected the War of the Revolution, and was one of mayor of Lawrence, Mass., 1859; State treasurer of Massachusetts, 1861; mayor of Salem, Mass., 1866. Mr. Oliver is best known as organist, director of choirs, and composer. He wrote Federal Street; Beacon Street, and many other wellknown hymn-tunes, and published a number of church tune - books. He died in Boston, Mass., Aug. 10, 1885. Oliver, THOMAS, royal governor; born in Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 5, 1734; graduated at Harvard in 1753; succeeded Lieut.-Gov. Andrew Oliver (of another family) in March, 1774, and in September following was compelled by the people of Boston to resign. He took refuge with the British troops in Boston, and fled with them to Halifax in 1776, and thence to England. He died in Bristol, England, Nov. 29, 1815. Oliver, PETER, author; born in Hanover, N. H., in 1822; studied law and began practice in Suffolk county, Mass. He was the author of The Puritan Commonwealth: An Historical Review of the Puritan Government in Massachusetts in its Olmstead, CASE OF. During the RevoCivil and Ecclesiastical Relations, from lutionary War, Capt. Gideon Olmstead, its Rise to the Abrogation of the First with some other Connecticut men, was Charter; together with some General Re- captured at sea by a British vessel and flections on the English Colonial Policy taken to Jamaica, where the captain and and on the Character of Puritanism. In three others of the prisoners were comthis book, which revealed much literary pelled or persuaded to enter as sailors on skill as well as great learning, he em- the British sloop Active, then about to phasized the unfavorable side of the sail for New York with stores for the Puritan character, and severely criticised British there. When off the coast of OLMSTED-OLUSTEE STATION Delaware the captain and the other three colonel), and was often the chief officer Americans contrived to secure the rest of of the Rhode Island forces. He fought conspicuously at Red Bank, Springfield, Monmouth, and Yorktown, and after the war he was collector of the port of Providence, and president of the Rhode Island Society of Cincinnati. He died in Providence, R. I., Nov. 10, 1812. the crew and officers (fourteen in number) below the hatches. They then took possession of the vessel and made for Little Egg Harbor. A short time after, the Active was boarded by the sloop Convention of Philadelphia, and, with the privateer Girard, cruising with her, was taken Olney, JESSE, geographer; born in to Philadelphia. The prize was there Union, Conn., Oct. 12, 1798; taught school libelled in the State court of admiralty. for some years; then devoted himself to Here the two vessels claimed an equal the preparation of text-books, geographies, share in the prize, and the court decreed a history of the United States, arithmeone-fourth to the crew of the Convention, tics, readers, etc. He died in Stratford, one-fourth to the State of Pennsylvania Conn., July 31, 1872. as owner of the Convention, one-fourth to Olney, RICHARD, lawyer; born in the Girard, and the remaining one-fourth Oxford, Mass., Sept. 15, 1835; graduated only to Olmstead and his three com- at Brown University in 1856; admitted to panions. Olmstead appealed to Congress, the bar in 1859; member of the Massaand the committee of appeals decided in chusetts legislature; appointed United his favor. The Pennsylvania court re- States Attorney-General by President fused to yield, and directed the prize sold Cleveland in 1893, and Secretary of State and the money paid into court to await in 1895. its further order. This contest continued until 1809, when the authorities of Pennsylvania offered armed resistance to the United States marshal at Philadelphia, upon which he called to his assistance a posse comitatus of 2,000 men. The matter was, however, adjusted without an actual collision, and the money, amounting to $18,000, paid to the United States marshal. Olney, STEPHEN, military officer; born in North Providence, R. I., in October, 1755; brother of Jeremiah Olney; entered the army as a lieutenant in his brother's company in 1775, and served with distinction in several of the principal battles of the Revolutionary War. He served under Lafayette in Virginia, and was distinguished in the capture of a British redoubt at Yorktown during the siege, where he was severely wounded by a bayonet-thrust. Colonel Olney held many town offices, and for twenty years represented his native town in the Assembly. He died in North Providence, R. I., Nov. 23, 1832. Olmsted, DENISON, scientist; born in East Hartford, Conn., June 18, 1791; graduated at Yale in 1813; taught in New London schools, Yale College, and the University of North Carolina. He published the Geological Survey of North Carolina; Olustee Station, BATTLE AT. Early in Text-books on Astronomy and Natural 1864 the national government was inPhilosophy; and Astronomical Observa- formed that the citizens of Florida, tired tions included in the Smithsonian Collec- of the war, desired a reunion with the tions. He died in New Haven, Conn., national government. The President comMay 13, 1859. Olmsted, FREDERICK LAW, landscape architect; born in Hartford, Conn., April 26, 1822; chief designer (with Calvert Vaux) of Central Park, New York City, 1857; and, with others, of many public parks in Brooklyn, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago (including World's Fair) Milwaukee, Louisville, Washington, etc. missioned his private secretary (John Hay) a major, and sent him to Charleston to accompany a military expedition which General Gillmore was to send to Florida, Hay to act in a civil capacity if required. The expedition was commanded by Gen. Truman Seymour, who left Hilton Head (Feb. 5, 1864) in transports with 6.000 troops, and arrived at Jacksonville, Fla., Olney, JEREMIAH, military officer; born on the 7th. Driving the Confederates from in Providence, R. I., in 1750; was made there, the Nationals pursued them into lieutenant-colonel at the beginning of the the interior. General Finnegan was in Revolutionary War (afterwards made command of a considerable Confederate and all phases of the aesthetic were not neglected, it was the fine panorama of the material West which afforded the most interest. Cast in a different figure, this ome of the wealth-and not only of the wealth, but of the progress of the great central region of the nation. force in Florida, and stoutly opposed this the best of the material resources of their movement. At Olustee Station, on a rail- commonwealths; and while art and music way that crossed the peninsula in the heart of a cypress swamp, the Nationals encountered Finnegan, strongly posted. A sharp battle occurred (Feb. 20), when Seymour was repulsed and retreated to Trans-Mississippi Exposition was an epitJacksonville. The estimated loss to the Nationals in this expedition was about 2,000 men; the Confederate loss, 1,000 men and several guns. Seymour carried with him about 1,000 of the wounded, and left 250 on the field, besides many dead and dying. The expedition returned to Hilton Head. The Nationals destroyed stores valued at $1,000,000. At about the same time Admiral Bailey destroyed the Confederate salt-works on the coast of Florida, valued at $3,000,000. One of the speakers at the opening of the exposition put the progress of the region in a nutshell when he made note of the fact that in the land where only fifty years ago the Indians wandered at will, there are now 22,000,000 people, with an aggregate wealth of $22,000,000,000. Many of the States contributed liberally to the exposition in the way of suitable buildings, while the general government appropriated $200,000 for its building, and in it placed exhibits of great interest. The government took official notice of the exposition by issuing a series of postagestamps, from one cent to $2, inclusive, commemorative of the event. Over three hundred millions of these stamps were ordered for the first instalment. The designs on the stamps are appropriate to the great West and its progress, illustra Omaha, the metropolis of Nebraska; county seat of Douglas county; military headquarters of the Department of the Platte; has extensive machine, ear, and repair shops, smelting and refining works, large trade, eight national banks, and an assessed property valuation of $36,411,716. Population in 1890, 140,452; in 1900, 102,555. The city was the seat of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. The corner-stone of the exhibition was laid on Arbor Day, 1897, and the opening ting phases of pioneer life. ceremonies were held June 1, 1898. In the telegram which President McKinley sent to the exposition, after setting in motion its machinery, he paid a tribute, for which the success of this exposition will give warrant, when he said that nowhere have the unconquerable determination, the self-reliant strength, and the sturdy manhood of American citizenship been more forcibly illustrated than in the achievements of the people from beyond the Mississippi. The officers of the exposition were: Gordon W. Wattles, president; Alvin Saunders, resident vice-president; Herman Kountze, treasurer; John A. Wakefield, secretary; Major T. S. Clarkson, general manager, with an executive committee of seven, and vice-presidents for each of the twen ty-four Trans-Mississippi States. The exposition covered a tract of more than 200 acres, containing a water amphitheatre and many handsome buildings. Despite the fact that the country was at war with Spain, the exposition was well attended and a great success in every way. It would not be easy to estimate the value of such an exposition as this in illustrating to the nation at large the Omaha Indians, a tribe of Indians of immense resources of the region which the Dakota family. They are represented lies in the great Mississippi basin and in Marquette's map in 1673. They were contiguous to it. The exhibits of the divided into clans, and cultivated corn and mining, the manufacturing, the agricult- beans. One of their customs was to proure, the forestry, the horticulture, the hibit a man from speaking to his fathercommerce were an epitome of the business in-law and mother-in-law. They were reof this vast region extending from the duced, about the year 1800, by small-pox, Canadian line to the Gulf of Mexico. The from a population capable of sending out States themselves, through appropriations, 700 warriors to about 300. They then provided the funds to show to the world burned their villages and became wander O'MAHONY "ON TO RICHMOND !” ers. They were then relentlessly pursued a territory in the Mormon settlements in by the Sioux. They had increased in number, when Lewis and Clarke found them on the Quicoure in 1805, to about 600. They have from time to time ceded lands to the United States, and since 1855 have been settled, and have devoted themselves exclusively to agriculture. In 1899 they numbered 1,202, and were settled on the Omaha and Winnebago agency, in Nebraska. Deseret, called Utah. Then the compromise measures contained in the omnibus bill were taken up separately. In August a bill for the admission of California passed the Senate; also for providing a territorial government for New Mexico. In September a fugitive slave bill passed the Senate; also a bill for the suppression of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia. All of these bills were adopted in the House of Representatives in September, and received the signature of President Fillmore. See CLAY, HENRY. "On to Richmond!" At the beginning of 1862 the loyal people became very impatient of the immobility of the immense Army of the Potomac, and from every quarter was heard the cry, "Push on to Richmond!" Edwin M. Stanton succeeded Mr. Cameron as Secretary of War, Jan. 13, 1862, and the President issued a general order, Jan. 27, in which he directed a general forward movement of all the land and naval forces on Feb. O'Mahony, JOHN FRANCIS, Fenian leader; born in Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1816; emigrated to the United States in 1854; organized the Fenian Brotherhood in 1860; issued bonds of the Irish Republic, which were purchased by his followers to the amount of nearly a million dollars. He died in New York City, Feb. 7, 1877. Omnibus Bill, THE. The subject of the admission of California as a State of the Union, in 1850, created so much sectional ill-feeling that danger to the integrity of the Union was apprehended. Henry Clay, feeling this apprehension, offered a plan of compromise in the United States 22 following. This order sent a thrill Senate, Jan. 29, 1850, in a series of of joy through the heart of the loyal peoresolutions, providing for the admission ple, and it was heightened when an order of California as a State; the organization directed McClellan to move against the of new territorial governments; fixing the inferior Confederate force at Manassas. boundary of Texas; declaring it to be in- McClellan remonstrated, and proposed to expedient to abolish slavery in the Dis- take his great army to Richmond by the trict of Columbia while that institution circuitous route of Fort Monroe and the existed in Maryland, without the consent Virginia peninsula. The President finally of the people of the District, and without yielded, and the movement by the longer just compensation to the owners of slaves route was begun. After the Confederates within the District; that more effectual had voluntarily evacuated Manassas, the laws should be made for the restitution of army was first moved in that direction, fugitive slaves; and that Congress had no not, as the commander-in-chief said, to power to prohibit or obstruct the trade pursue them and take Richmond, but to in slaves between the several States. Clay give his troops "a little active experience spoke eloquently in favor of this plan. before beginning the campaign.” The Mr. Webster approved it, and Senator "promenade," as one of his French aides Foote, of Mississippi, moved that the called it, disappointed the people, and the whole subject be referred to a committee cry was resumed, "On to Richmond!" of thirteen-six Southern members and The Army of the Potomac did not begin six Northern members--they to choose the its march to Richmond until April. The thirteenth. This resolution was adopted President, satisfied that General McClelApril 18; the committee was appointed, lan's official burdens were greater than and Mr. Clay was made chairman of it. he could profitably bear, kindly relieved On May 8, Mr. Clay reported a plan of him of the chief care of the armies, compromise in a series of bills substantial- and gave him, March 11, the command ly the same as that of Jan. 29. It was call- of only the Department of the Potomac. ed an "omnibus bill." Long debates en- While Hooker and Lee were contending sued, and on July 31 the whole batch was near CHANCELLORSVILLE (q. v.), a greatrejected except the proposition to establish er part of the cavalry of the Army of 1 "ON TO RICHMOND !"-" ON TO WASHINGTON !” the Potomac was raiding on the communi- Rapidan. For a while the opposing armies Three days after General Lee escaped into Virginia, July 17-18, 1863, General Meade crossed the Potomac to follow his flying antagonist. The Nationals marched rapidly along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, while the Confederates went rapidly up the Shenandoah Valley, after trying to check Meade by threatening to re-enter Maryland. Failing in this, Lee hastened to oppose a movement that menaced his front and flank, and threatened to cut off his retreat to Richmond. During that exciting race there were several skirmishes in the mountain-passes. Finally Lee, by a quick and skilful movement, while Meade was detained at Manassas Gap by a heavy skirmish, dashed through Chester Gap, and, crossing the Rappahannock, took a position between that stream and the On "On to Washington!" The seizure of the national capital, with the treasury and archives of the government, was a part of the plan of the Confederates everywhere and of the government at Montgomery. Alexander H. Stephens, the Vice-President of the Confederacy, was sent by Jefferson Davis to treat with Virginia for its annexation to the league, and at various points on his journey, whenever he made speeches to the people, the burden was, to Washington!" That cry was already resounding throughout the South. It was an echo of the prophecy of the Confederate Secretary of War. 'Nothing is more probable," said the Richmond Inquirer, in 1861, "than that President Davis will soon march an army through North Carolina and Virginia to Washington"; and it called upon Virginians who wished to "join the Southern army" to organize at once. "The first fruits of Virginia secession," said the New Orleans Picayune, on the 18th, " will be the removal of Lincoln and his cabinet, and whatever he can carry away, to the safer neighborhood of Harrisburg or Cincinnati-perhaps to Buffalo or Cleveland.” The Vicksburg (Miss.) Whig of the 20th said: "Maj. Ben McCulloch has organized a force of 5,000 men to seize the Federal capital the instant the first blood is spilled." On the evening of the same day, when news of bloodshed in Baltimore reached Montgomery (see BALTIMORE), bonfires were built in front of the Exchange Hotel, and from its balcony Roger A. Pryor, of Virginia, in a speech to the multitude, said that he was in "favor of an immediate march on Washington." |