PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATIONS

1805-9: Jefferson; George Clinton, VicePresident, Republican; Madison, State; Gallatin, Treasury. Congress, Republican; Macon and Varnum, speakers.

1809-13; Madison; Clinton, Vice-President, Republican; Robert Smith, later Monroe, State; Gallatin, Treasury. Congress, Republican; Varnum and Clay, speakers.

1813-17: Madison; Gerry, Vice-President, Republican; Monroe, State, Gallatin, at first, Treasury. Congress, Republican; Clay, speaker.

mendous broadsides. Every attempt of dent, Republican; Madison, State; GalDecatur to lay the President alongside latin, Treasury. Congress, Republican; the Endymion was foiled by Captain Macon, speaker. Hope, who adroitly kept his ship a quarter of a mile from his antagonist. Decatur now determined to dismantle his antagonist. The two frigates ran side by side for two hours and a half, discharging broadsides at each other, until the Endymion, having had most of her sails cut from the yards, fell astern, and would have struck her colors in a few minutes. At that moment the other vessels in chase were seen by the dim starlight approaching, when the President kept on her course and vainly tried to escape. The pursuers closed upon her, and at eleven o'clock made a simultaneous attack. Further resistance would have been useless, and the colors of the President were hauled down. Decatur delivered his sword to Captain Hayes, of the Majestic, which was the 1821-25: Monroe; Tompkins, Vicefirst vessel that came alongside the Presi- President; J. Q. Adams, State; Crawford, dent. Decatur lost twenty-four men Treasury; Calhoun, War. Congress, killed and fifty-six wounded. The En- Republican; P. P. Barbour and Clay, dymion had eleven killed and fourteen wounded. The Endymion, with her prize, sailed for Bermuda, and both vessels were dismasted by a gale before reaching port. When the details of the whole battle became known, the praise of Decatur and his men was upon every lip.

Presidential Administrations. The Presidents and leading cabinet officers, with the political complexion of both the executive and legislative departments of the national government, have been as follows:

1817-21: Monroe; Tompkins, VicePresident, Republican; J. Q. Adams, State; Crawford, Treasury; Calhoun (and others), War, Congress, Republican, Clay, speaker.

speakers.

1825-29: J. Q. Adams, National Republican; Calhoun, Vice-President, Demoerat; Clay, State. Congress, 1825-27, National Republican; J. W. Taylor, speaker; 1827-29, Democratic; Stevenson, speaker.

1829-33: Jackson, Calhoun, Vice-President, Democrat; Van Buren, later Livingston, State. Congress, 1829-31, Democratic; Stevenson, speaker; 1831-33, Senate opposition, House Democratic; Stevenson, speaker.

1789-93: Washington; Adams, Vice- 1833-37; Jackson; Van Buren, VicePresident, Federalist; Jefferson, State; President, Democrat; McLane, later ForHamilton, Treasury; Knox, War; Ed- syth, State; Duane, Taney, Woodbury, mund Randolph, Attorney-General. Con- Treasury. Congress, 1833-35, Senate opgress, Federalist; Muhlenberg and Trum- position, House Democratic; Stevenson, bull speakers.

speaker; 1835-37, Senate opposition, then Democratic, House Democratic; Polk, speaker.

1837-41: Van Buren; R. M. Johnson,

1793-97: Washington and Adams again; Jefferson, then Randolph, State; Hamilton, then Wolcott, Treasury; other minor changes. Congress, 1793-95, Republican Vice-President, Democrat; Forsyth, State; House; Muhlenberg, speaker; 1795-97, Dayton, speaker.

Woodbury, Treasury. Congress, Democratic; Polk and Hunter, speakers.

1797-1801: Adams, Federalist; Jeffer- 1841-45: W. H. Harrison; Tyler, Viceson, Vice-President, Republican; ' Picker- President (succeeded as President April ing, State; Wolcott, Treasury. Congress, 4, 1841), Whig; Webster, afterwards Federalist; Dayton and Sedgwick, speak- Legaré, Upshur, Calhoun, State; numerous changes in the other departments. 1801-5: Jefferson; Burr, Vice-Presi- Congress, 1841-43, Whig; White, speak

ers.

PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATIONS-PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

er; 1843-45, Senate Whig, House Demo- dent (succeeded as President Sept. 19, cratic; J. W. Jones, speaker. 1881), Republican; Blaine, later Freling1845-49; Polk; Dallas, Vice-President, huysen, State; Windom and others, TreasDemocrat; Buchanan, State; Walker, ury; Lincoln, War. Congress, 1881-83, Treasury; Marcy, War; Bancroft, at first, Senate tie, House Republican; Keifer, Navy. Congress, 1845-47, Democratic; speaker; 1883-85, Senate Republican, J. W. Davis, speaker; 1847-49, Senate House Democratic; Carlisle, speaker. Democratic, House Whig; R. C. Winthrop, speaker.

1849-53: Taylor; Fillmore, Vice-President (succeeded as President July 9, 1850), Whig; Clayton, Webster, Everett, State; numerous changes in other departments. Congress, Democratic; Cobb and Boyd, speakers.

1885-89: Cleveland; Hendricks, VicePresident, Democrat; Bayard, State; Manning, Fairchild, Treasury; Whitney, Navy. Congress, Senate Republican, House Democratic; Carlisle, speaker.

1889-93: Harrison; Morton, Vice-President, Republican; Blaine, State; Windom, at first, Treasury; Tracy, Navy. Congress, 1853-57: Pierce: King, Vice-Presi- Senate Republican, House, 1889-91, Redent, Democrat; Marcy, State; Davis, publican; Reed, speaker; 1891-93, DemoWar. Congress, 1853-55, Democratic; cratic; Crisp, speaker. Boyd, speaker; 1855-57, Senate Demo- 1893-97: Cleveland; Stevenson, Vicecratic, House Anti - Nebraska; Banks, President, Democrat; Gresham, then speaker. Olney, State; Carlisle, Treasury; Lamont, 1857-61: Buchanan; Breckinridge, Vice- War; Olney, then Harmon, Attorney-GenPresident, Democrat; Cass, State; Cobb, eral; Bissell, then Wilson, PostmasterTreasury; Floyd, War; various changes General; Herbert, Navy; Smith, Interior; in the cabinet in 1860 and 1861. Con- Morton, Agriculture. Congress, Demogress, 1857-59, Democratic; Orr, speaker; 1859-61, Senate Democratic, House, Republican; Pennington, speaker.

cratic; Crisp, speaker; 1895. House Republican; Reed, speaker.

1897-1901: McKinley; Hobart, VicePresident, Republican (died Nov. 2, 1899); Sherman, Day, and Hay, State; Gage, Treasury; Alger and Root, War; McKenna, Griggs, and Knox, Attorney

1861-65: Lincoln; Hamlin, Vice President, Republican; Seward, State; Chase, later Fessenden, Treasury; Cameron, later Stanton, War; Welles, Navy. Congress, Republican; Grow, speaker, General; Gary and Smith, Postmaster1861-63; Colfax, 1863-65.

General; Long, Navy; Bliss and Hitchcock, Interior; Wilson, Agriculture. Congress, Republican; Reed and Henderson, speakers.

1865-69: Lincoln; Johnson, VicePresident (succeeded as President April 15, 1865), Republican; Seward, State; McCulloch, Treasury; Stanton, until 1867, 1901-1905: McKinley; Roosevelt, ViceWar. Congress, Republican; Colfax, President (succeeded as President Sept. speaker. 14, 1901), Republican; Hay, State; Gage, 1869-73: Grant; Colfax, Vice-Presi- Treasury; Root, War; Knox, Attorneydent, Republican; Fish, State; Boutwell, General; Smith, Postmaster General; Treasury. Congress, Republican; Blaine, Long, Navy; Hitchcock, Interior; Wilson, speaker. Agriculture. Congress, Republican. 1873-77: Grant; Wilson, Vice-Presi- Presidential Cabinets. dent, Republican; Fish, State; Bristow PRESIDENT'S. PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRAand others, Treasury. Congress, 1873- TIONS. 75, Republican; Blaine, speaker; 1875- Presidential Elections. Under the 77, Senate Republican, House Democratic: Kerr, later Randall, speaker.

1877-81: Hayes: Wheeler, Vice-President. Republican; Evarts, State; Sherman, Treasury. Congress, House Democratic; Randall, speaker; Senate, 1877-79, Republican; 1879-81, Democratic.

1881-85; Garfield; Arthur, Vice-Presi

See CABINET,

Constitution as originally adopted, the candidates for President and Vice-President were voted for in the electoral college of each State, without designating which the elector intended for the first and which for the second office. Lists of these were transmitted to the seat of government, and the candidate having the greatest

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

In most of the

number (if a majority of the whole) be- would be impossible.
came President, and the one having the
If
next greatest number Vice-President.
the two highest candidates received an
equal number of votes, the House of Rep-
resentatives (as now) was to proceed im-
mediately to choose by ballot one of them
for President, voting by States, each State
having one vote, and a majority of all
the States being necessary to a choice. In
case of a tie on the Vice-President, the
Senate was to choose between the equal
candidates.

States, for more than a quarter-century
following the establishment of the govern-
ment, the State legislatures “appointed"
the Presidential electors, and the people's
choice was expressed by their votes for
candidates for
members of the legislature. In the tabula-
tion of the votes 1789-1820 only the aggre-
gate electoral votes for
President and Vice-President are given.
See POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT.

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution (declared in force Sept. 25, 1804) changed the mode of voting for the two officers, the electors being required to vote separately for President and Vice President. They were to name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and Vice-President, signed and certified, were sent to the seat of government, directed to "the President of the Senate," whose duty it was, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, to open all the certificates, and count the votes, the person having the greatest number of votes for the respective offices (if a majority of the whole), to be declared elected. Strictly speaking, the people do not vote for the Presidential candidates direct. The people vote for electors, the majority of whom elect the President. As a result, a candidate might have an overwhelming popular majority and yet be defeated in the electoral college.

In the elections of 1789, 1792, 1796, and
1800, each elector in the electoral college
voted for two candidates for President.
The candidate who received the largest
electoral vote was declared President, and
the candidate who received the next
largest number of votes was declared Vice-
President.

In 1804 the Constitution was amended
(Twelfth Amendment). Beginning with
the election of 1804, all the electors voted
and a Vice-President,
for a President
as for
instead of for two candidates
merly.

The record of any popular vote for elec-
tors prior to 1824 is so meagre and im-
perfect that a trustworthy compilation

VII. T

289

1789. George Washington, 69; John Adams,
of Massachusetts, 34: John Jay, of New
York, 9; R. H. Harrison, of Maryland, 6;
John Rutledge, of South Carolina, 6; John
Hancock, of Massachusetts, 4; George Clin-
of Connecticut, 2; John Milton, of Georgia,
ton, of New York, 3; Samuel Huntingdon,
Vacancies
2; James Armstrong, of Georgia; Benjamin
vote each.
George Washington was
Lincoln, of Massachusetts, and Edward Tel-
(votes not cast), 4.
fair, of Georgia, 1
chosen President and John Adams Vice-Presi-

dent.

received

132

Washington
1792. George
votes: John Adams, Federalist, 77; George
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Republican,
George Washington was
Vice-
Clinton, of New York, Republican (a), 50;
Vacancies, 3.
and John Adams
4; Aaron Burr, of New York, Republican, 1
President
vote.
chosen

President.

1796. John Adams, Federalist, 71; Thomas
South Carolina, Federalist, 59; Aaron Burr,
Jefferson, Republican, 68; Thomas Pinckney, of
11:
of Massachusetts, Republican, 15; Oliver Ells-
Independent,
of Connecticut,
worth,
of New York, Republican, 30: Samuel Adams,
George Clinton, of New York, Republican, 7;
Iredell, of North Carolina, Federalist, 3:
John Jay, of New York, Federalist, 5: James
George Washington, of Virginia; John Henry,
South Carolina,
of Maryland, and S. Johnson, of North Caro-
Cotesworth Pinckney, of
lina, all Federalists, 2 votes each; Charles
Federalist, 1 vote.
President and Thomas Jefferson Vice-Presi
dent.

John Adams was chosen

vote.

1800. Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 73;
Aaron Burr, Republican, 73; John Adams,
Federalist, 65; Charles C. Pinckney, Fed-
eralist, 64; John Jay, Federalist, 1
There being a tie vote for Jefferson and
Representatives. Jefferson received the votes
votes.
2 blank
Burr, the choice devolved upon the House of
of ten States; Burr received the votes of
were
There
four States.
Jefferson,
Thomas
President,
Thomas Jefferson was chosen President and
1804. For
Aaron Burr Vice-President.
Republican, 162; Charles C. Pinckney, Fed-
For Vice-President, George Clin-
eralist. 14.
ton, Republican, 162; Rufus King, of New
Jefferson was chosen
President and Clinton Vice-President.
York, Federalist, 14.

(a) For foot-note reference, see page 291.

1808. For President, James Madison, of lican, 183; John Eager Howard, of Maryland, Virginia, Republican, 122; Charles C. Pinck- Federalist, 22; James Ross, of Pennsylvania, ney, of South Carolina, Federalist, 47; George 5; John Marshall, of Virginia, 4; Robert Clinton, of New York, Republican, 6. For G. Harper, of Maryland, 3. Vacancies, 4. Vice-President, George Clinton, Republican, Monroe was chosen President and Tompkins 113; Rufus King, of New York, Federalist, Vice-President. 47; John Langdon, of New Hampshire, 9; James Madison, 3: James Monroe, 3. Vacancy, 1. Madison was chosen President and Clinton Vice-President.

1812. For President, James Madison, Republican, 128; De Witt Clinton, of New York, Federalist, 89. For Vice-President, Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, 131; Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania, Federalist, 86. Vacancy, 1. Madison was chosen President and Gerry Vice-President.

1816. For President, James Monroe, of Vir

ginia, Republican, 183; Rufus King, of New York, Federalist, 34. For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, Repub

1820. For President, James Monroe, of Virginia, Republican, 231; John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, Republican, 1. For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, Republican, 218; Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, 8; Daniel Rodney, of Delaware, 4; Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, and Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, 1 vote each. Vacancies, 3. James Monroe was chosen President and Daniel D. Tompkins Vice-President.

The popular vote for the principal Presidential candidates since 1824 was as follows:

1,060

5,698

William J. Bryan.
Joshua Levering.
John M. Palmer.
Charles H. Matchett..
Charles E. Bentley..

1900.

William McKinley*.
William J. Bryan.
John G. Woolley.
Wharton Barker..
Eugene V. Debs..
Joseph F. Malloney
J. F. R. Leonard.

Seth H. Ellis.....

O..... Rep.

Neb... Dem. P. 6,374,397

Ill....
Pa...
Ind... Soc. D..
Mass.. Soc. L..
Iowa.. U. C. (n)

0..... U. R. (0)

S. C. Pomeroy.

219 T. A. Hendricks*.
182 John A. Logan
William Daniel...
A. M. West....

168 Allen G. Thurman.
233 Levi P. Morton*
John A. Brooks

C. E. Cunningham..
W. H. T. Wakefield..
James B. Greer.....

277 Adlai E. Stevenson*...
145 Whitelaw Reid....
22 James G. Field.

James B. Cranfill..
Charles H. Matchett...

271 Garret A. Hobart*..
176 Arthur Sewall..
Thomas E. Watson.....
Hale Johnson.
Simon B. Buckner..

Matthew Maguire....

0

Pro.....

Kan.. Amer...

Ind...

Dem...

219

Ill.... Rep....

182

Md... Pro...

Miss.. Peop.

m....
N. Y.. Rep....
Va.... Peop....
Tex... Pro...
N. Y.. Soc. L..
N. J.. Rep....
Me...
Dem
Peop....
Ga...

271 176

...

Ill.... Pro.....

Ky...

N. Dem.

N. J.. Soc. L..

James H. Southgate.... N. C.. Nat. (j).

292 Theodore Roosevelt*.
155 Adlai E. Stevenson
Henry B. Metcalf..
Ignatius Donnelly
Job Harriman..
Valentine Remmel.
John G. Woolley.

N. Y.. Rep..

Ill.... Dem. P.
Pro.....
0.....
Minn. M. P. (m)
Cal... Soc. D..

Pa.... Soc. L..

I.... U. C. (n)

Samuel T. Nicholas.... Pa.... U. R. (0)

292 155

*The candidates starred were elected. (a) The first Republican party is claimed by the present Democratic (f) Three Southern States disfranparty as its progenitor. (b) No candidate having a majority of the electoral vote, the House of Representatives elected Adams. (c) Candidate of the Anti-masonic party. (d) There being no choice, the Senate elected Johnson. (e) Eleven Southern States, being within the belligerent territory, did not vote.

chised. (g) Horace Greeley died after election, and Democratic electors scattered their vote. (h) There being a
dispute over the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina, they were referred by Congress
(i) Free Democrat. (j) Free Silver Prohibition party.
to an electoral commission composed of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, which, by a strict party vote,
awarded 185 electoral votes to Hayes and 184 to Tilden.
There was also a Native American ticket in that State, which received 184 votes.
(k) In Massachusetts.
dle-of-the-road, or Anti-fusion l'eople's party. (n) United Christian party. (0) Union Reform party.

291

(m) Mid