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absurd. As a law-giver and magistrate, Plaistowe stole four baskets of corn from his statute-books exhibit the salient points the Indians, and he was ordered to return in his character-a self-constituted censor to them eight baskets, to be fined £5, and and a conservator of the moral and spirit- thereafter to be called by the name of ual destiny of his fellow-mortals. His Josias, and not Mr. Plaistowe, as former

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laws in those statute-books were largely ly." He directed his grand-jurors to adsumptuary in their character. He im- monish those who wore apparel too costly posed a fine upon every woman who should for their incomes, and, if they did not cut her hair like that of a man. He for heed the warning, to fine them; and in bade all gaming for amusement or gain, 1646 he placed on the statute-books of and would not allow cards or dice to be Massachusetts a law which imposed the introduced into the colony. He fined fami- penalty of flogging for kissing a woman lies whose young women did not spin as in the street, even by way of honest salute. much flax or wool daily as the selectmen He rigidly enforced this law 100 years had required of them. He forbade all per- after its enactment, because it was not resons to run, or even walk, "except rever- pealed. A British war-vessel entered the ently to and from church," on Sunday; harbor of Boston. The captain, hastening and he doomed a burglar, because he com- to his home in that town, met his wife in mitted a crime on that sacred day, to have the street and kissed her. He was accused, one of his ears cut off. He commanded found guilty, and mildly whipped. Just John Wedgewood to be put in the stocks before sailing on another cruise he invited for being in the company of drunkards. his accuser, the magistrates, and others Thomas Pitt was severely whipped for who approved the punishment to dine on "suspicion of slander, idleness, and stub- board his vessel. When all were merry bornness." He admonished Captain Lovell with good-cheer he ordered his boatswain to "take heed of light carriage." Josias and mate to flog the magistrates with a

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PURITANS

In

knotted cat-o'-nine tails. It was done, and Indians had embittered both parties, the the astonished guests were driven pell- expressions of pious men concerning them mell over the side of the ship into a are shocking to the enlightened mind of boat waiting to receive them. Such were to-day. After the massacre of the Pesome of the outward manifestations of quods, Mather wrote: "It was supposed Puritanism in New England, especially that no less than five or six hundred in Massachusetts and Connecticut. In Pequod souls were brought down to hell Rhode Island it was softened, and finally that day." The learned and pious Dr. it assumed an aspect of broader charity Increase Mather, in speaking of the efeverywhere. Its devotees were stern, con- ficiency of prayer in bringing about the scientious moralists and narrow relig- destruction of the Indians, said: "Nor ionists. They came to plant a Church could they [the English] cease crying to free from disturbance by persecution, and the Lord against Philip until they had proclaimed the broad doctrine of liberty prayed the bullet into his heart." of conscience-the right to exercise private speaking of an Indian who had sneered judgment. "Unsettled persons"-Latitu- at the religion of the English, he said that dinarian in religion-came to enjoy free- immediately upon his uttering a "hiddom and to disseminate their views. In eous blasphemy a bullet took him in the that dissemination Puritanism saw a head and dashed out his brains, sending prophecy of subversion of its principles. his cursed soul in a moment amongst the Alarmed, it became a persecutor in turn. devils and blasphemers in hell forever." "God forbid," said Governor Dudley in The feeling against the Indians at the his old age, our love for truth should close of King Philip's War among the be grown so cold that we should tolerate New-Englanders was that of intense biterrors-I die no libertine." "To say that terness and savage hatred. It was manimen ought to have liberty of conscience is impious ignorance," said Parson Ward, of Ipswich, a leading divine. "Religion admits of no eccentric notions," said Parson Norton, another leading divine and persecutor of so-called Quakers in Boston.

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The early settlers in New England regarded the Indians around them as something less than human. Cotton Mather took a short method of solving the question of their

OLD PURITAN MEETING HOUSE, HINGHAM, MASS.

origin. He guessed that "the devil de- fested in many ways; and when we concoyed the miserable savages hither in sider the atrocities perpetrated by the hope that the Gospel of our Lord Indians, we cannot much wonder at it. Jesus Christ would never come here to The captives who fell into the hands of destroy or disturb his absolute control the Rhode Islanders were distributed over them." And after wars with the among them as servants and slaves. A

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large body of Indians, assembled at Dover, ficiency that in 1757 he was promoted to N. H., to treat for peace, were treacherous- the rank of major.

While Abercrombie was resting secure

ly seized by Major Waldron. About 200 of them were claimed as fugitives from Massachusetts, and were sent to Boston, where some were hanged and the remainder sent to Bermuda and sold as slaves. To have been present at the "Swamp fight" was adjudged by the authorities of Rhode Island sufficient foundation for putting an Indian to death. Death or slavery was the penalty for all known to have shed English blood. Some fishermen at Marblehead having been killed by the Indians, some women of that town, coming out of church on Sunday just as two Indian prisoners were brought in, fell upon and murdered them. King Philip's dead body was first beheaded and then quartered. His head was carried into Plymouth on a pole and there exhibited for months. His wife and son, made prisoners, were sent to Bermuda and sold as slaves. The disposition of the boy was warmly discussed, some of the elders of the church proposing to put him to death, but slavery was his final doom. Put-in-Bay. See PERRY, OLIVER HAZ- calm sent Molang, an active partisan, to

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ARD.

ISRAEL PUTNAM IN 1776.

ly in his intrenchments at Lake George after his repulse at Ticonderoga, two or three of his convoys had been cut off by French scouting-parties, and he sent out Majors Rogers and Putnam to intercept them. Apprised of this movement, Mont

waylay the English detachment. While Putman, ALBIGENCE WALDO, author, marching through the forest (August, born in Marietta, O., March 11, 1799; 1758), in three divisions, within a mile of was admitted to the bar and practised in Fort Anne, the left, led by Putnam, fell Mississippi till 1836, when he removed to into an ambuscade of Indians, who attackNashville, Tenn. His publications in- ed the English furiously, uttering horrid clude History of Middle Tennessee; Life yells. Putnam and his men fought braveand Times of Gen. James Robertson; and ly. His fusee at length missed fire with Life of Gen. John Sevier in Wheeler's His- the muzzle at the breast of a powerful tory of North Carolina. He died in Nash- Indian, who, with a loud war-whoop, ville, Tenn., Jan. 20, 1869.

Putnam, HERBERT, librarian; born in New York City, Sept. 20, 1861; graduated at Harvard in 1883; admitted to the bar in 1885; practised at the Minnesota and Massachusetts bars. He became librarian of the Minneapolis Public Library in 1887, of the Boston Public Library in 1895, president of the American Library Association in 1898, and librarian of Congress in 1899. See PUBLIC LIBRA

RIES.

Putnam, ISRAEL, military officer; born in Salem (the part now Danvers), Mass., Jan. 7, 1718; he settled in Pomfret, Conn., in 1739, where he acquired a good estate; raised a company, and served in the French and Indian War with so much ef

sprang forward and captured the brave leader. Binding Putnam to a tree (where his garments were riddled by bullets), the chief fought on. The Indians were defeated, when his captor unbound Putnam and took him deeper into the forest to torture him. He was stripped naked and bound to a sapling with green withes. Dry wood was piled high around him and lighted, while the Indians chanted the death-song. The flames were kindling fiercely, when a sudden thunder-shower burst over the forest and nearly extinguished them. But they were renewed with greater intensity, and Putnam lost all hope, when a French officer dashed through the crowd of yelling savages, scattered the burning fagots, and cut the cords

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