OSGOOD-OSTEOPATHY died, Jan. 30, 1838. A monument was Ostend Manifesto. In July, 1853, erected to his memory near the main entrance-gate of Fort Moultrie. His loss was a severe blow to the Seminoles, who continued the war feebly four or five years longer. Osgood, HELEN LOUISE GIBSON, philanthropist; born in Boston about 1835. Left an orphan, she was well educated by her guardian, Francis B. Fay, of Chelsea, and was endowed with talents for music and conversation. She was among the first to organize soldiers' aid societies when the Civil War began, and provided work for the wives and daughters of soldiers who reeded employment. Early in 1862 she went to the army as a nurse, where her gentleness of manner and executive ability made her eminently successful. She ad ministered relief and consolation to thousands of the wounded, and organized and conducted for many months a hospital for 1.000 patients of the sick and wounded of the colored soldiers of the Army of the Potomac. In 1866 she was married to Mr. Osgood, a fellow-laborer among the soldiers, but her constitution had been overtasked, and she died a martyr to the great cause, in Newton Centre, Mass., April 20, 1868. William L. Marcy, the Secretary of State, wrote to Pierre Soulé, American minister at Madrid, directing him to urge upon the Spanish government the sale or cession of Cuba to the United States. Nothing more was done until after the affair of the Black Warrior in the winter of 1854. In April, 1854, Mr. Soulé was instructed and clothed with full power to negotiate for the purchase of the island. In August the Secretary suggested to Minister Buchanan in London, Minister Mason at Paris, and Minister Soulé at Madrid the propriety of holding a conference for the purpose of adopting measures for a concert of action in aid of negotiations with Spain. They accordingly met at Ostend, a seaport town in Belgium, Oct. 9, 1854. After a session of three days they adjourned to Aix-la-Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia, and thence they addressed a letter, Oct. 18, to the United States government embodying their views. In it they suggested that an earnest effort to purchase Cuba ought to be immediately made at a price not to exceed $120,000,C00, and that the proposal should be laid before the Spanish Cortes about to assemble. They set forth the great advantage that such a transfer of political jurisdiction would be to all parties concerned; that the oppression of the Spanish authorities in Cuba would inevitably lead to insurrection and civil war; and, in Osgood, SAMUEL, statesman; born in Andover, Mass., Feb. 14, 1748; graduated at Harvard University in 1770; studied theology, and became a merchant. An active patriot, he was a member of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts conclusion, recommended that, in the event and of various committees; was a captain of the absolute refusal of Spain to sell at Cambridge in 1775, and aide to General the island, it would be proper to take it Artemas Ward, and became a member of away from its " oppressors by force. the Massachusetts board of war. He left In that event, the ministers said, we the army in 1776 with the rank of colonel, should be justified by every law, human and served in his provincial and State and divine, in wresting it from Spain, if legislature. He was a member of Con- we possess the power." President Pierce gress from 1780 to 1784; first commis- did not think it prudent to act upon the sioner of the United States treasury from advice of these ministers, and Mr. Soulé. 1785 to 1789, and United States Post- dissatisfied with his prudence, resigned master-General from 1789 to 1791. He afterwards served in the New York legislature, and was speaker of the Assembly from 1801 to 1803. From 1803 until his death, in New York City, Aug. 12, 1813, he was naval officer of the port of New York. Mr. Osgood was well versed in science and literature. Ossawatomie Brown. See JOHN. his office and returned home. Osteopathy, a method by which discases of the human body are treated with out medicines. In 1874 Dr. A. T. Still, of Baldwin, Kan., discovered what he declared a more natural system of healing than that universally accepted. He held that inasmuch as the human body was so BROWN, perfectly constructed it ought without any external aid excepting food to protect itself OSTERHAUS-OSWEGATCHIE INDIAN MISSION against disease, and further reasoned that in 1864 he was in the Atlanta campaign. "a natural flow of blood is health, and In command of the 15th Corps, he was disease is the effect of local or general with Sherman in his march through disturbance of blood." After various ex- Georgia and South Carolina. In July, periments he became convinced that the 1864, he was made major-general, and in different organs of the body depend for 1865 he was Canby's chief of staff at the their health on nerve centres which are surrender of Kirby Smith. He was musprincipally located along the spine. These tered out of the service and appointed he declared could be controlled and stimu- consul at Lyons, France, and afterwards lated by certain finger manipulations, made his home in Mannheim, Germany. which would not only cause the blood to circulate freely, but would produce an equal distribution of the nerve forces. By this treatment the diseased part would be readjusted and would have " perfect freedom of motion of all the fluids, forces, and substances pertaining to life, thus reestablishing a condition known as health." Since the promulgation of this theory a number of institutions for the training of practitioners have been founded in various sections of the country, principally in the West, where several States have placed osteopathy on the same legal basis as other schools of medicine. Osterhaus, PETER JOSEPH, military officer; born in Coblentz, Germany, about 1820; served as an officer in the Prussian army; removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he entered the National service in 1861 as major of volunteers. He served under Lyon and Frémont in Missouri, commanding a brigade under the latter. He com Oswald, ELEAZAR, military officer; born in England about 1755; came to America in 1770 or 1771; served under Arnold in the expedition against Ticonderoga and became his secretary; and at the siege of Quebec he commanded with great skill the forlorn hope after Arnold was wounded. In 1777 he was made lieutenant-colonel of Lamb's artillery regiment, and for his bravery at the battle of Monmouth General Knox highly praised him. Soon after that battle he left the service and engaged in the printing and publishing business in Philadelphia, where he was made public printer. Oswald challenged General Hamilton to fight a duel in 1789. but the quarrel was adjusted. In business in England in 1792, he went to France, joined the French army, and commanded a regiment of artillery. He died in New York, Sept. 30, 1795. Oswegatchie Indian Mission. To insure the friendship of the Six Nations, Galissonière, manded a division in the battle of Pea on the site of Ogdensburg, where he Ridge, and greatly distinguished himself. In June, 1862, he was made brigadier-general, and, commanding a division, he helped to capture Arkansas late in January, 1863. He was in the campaign against Vicksburg and in northern Georgia, and hoped to draw in SO many Iroquois converts as would bind all their kindred to the French alliance. By order of General Brown a redoubt was begun in 1812 at the site of old Fort Presentation, which was not finished when OSWEGO Ogdensburg was attacked the second time their weakness through sickness and lack by the British in 1813. See OGDENSBURG. of provisions (of which he was informed Oswego, a city and county seat of by spies), collected about 5,000 FrenchOswego co., N. Y.; now noted for its man- men, Canadians, and Indians at Frontenac ufactures and for its large shipments of (now Kingston), at the foot of Lake Ongrain and lumber; population in 1900, tario, crossed that lake, and appeared be 22,199. ATTACK ON FORT ONTARIO, OSWEGO, MAY 5, 1814. The following are among its fore Oswego in force on Aug. 11. He atpoints of historical interest: Governor tacked Fort Ontario, on the east side of Burnet, of New York, wisely concluding the river, commanded by Colonel Mercer, that it would be important for the English to get and maintain control of Lake Ontario, as well for the benefits of trade and the security of the friendship of the Six Nations as to frustrate the designs of the French to confine the English colonies to narrow limits, began to erect a tradinghouse at Oswego in 1722. This pleased the Indians, for they saw in the movement a promise of protection from incursions of the French. Soon afterwards, at a convention of governors and commissioners held at Albany, the Six Nations renounced their covenant of friendship with the English. In 1756 Dieskau was succeeded by the Marquis de Montcalm, who, perceiving the delay of the English at Albany and who, with his garrison, after a short but brave resistance, withdrew to an older fort on the west side of the stream. The English were soon compelled to surrender the fort. Their commander was killed, and on the 14th Montcalm received, as spoils of victory, 1,400 prisoners, a large quantity of ammunition and provisions and other stores, 134 pieces of artillery, and several vessels lying in the harbor. The Six Nations had never been well satisfied with the building of these forts by the English in the heart of their territory. To please them, Montcalm demolished the forts, and by this act induced the Six Nations to take a position of neutrality. The capture of this fort caused the English commander-in-chief to abandon all the expedi tions he had planned for the campaign of the 7th the invaders withdrew, after hav1756. During the winter and spring of 181314 the Americans and British prepared to make a struggle for the mastery of Lake Ontario. When the ice in Kingston Harbor permitted vessels to leave it, Sir James L. Yeo, commander of the British squadron in those waters, went out upon the lake with his force of about 3,000 land troops and marines. On May 5, 1814, he appeared off Oswego Harbor, which was defended by Fort Ontario, on a bluff on the east side of the river, with a garrison of about 300 men under Lieut.-Col. George E. Mitchell. Chauncey, not feeling strong enough to oppose Yeo, prudently remained with his squadron at Sackett's Harbor. The active cruising force of Sir James consisted of eight vessels, carrying an aggregate of 222 pieces of ordnance. To oppose these at Oswego was the schooner Growler, Captain Woolsey. She was in the river for the purpose of conveying guns and naval stores to Sackett's Harbor. To prevent her falling into the hands of the British, she was sunk, and a part of her crew, under Lieutenant Pearce, joined the garrison at the fort. The latter then mounted only six old guns, three of which were almost useless, because they had lost their trunnions. Mitchell's force was too small to defend both the fort and the village, on the west side of the river, so he pitched all his tents near the town and gathered his whole force into the fort. Deceived by the appearance of military strength at the village, the British proceeded to attack the fort, leaving the defenceless town unmolested. The land troops, in fifteen large boats, covered by the guns of the vessels, moved to the shore near the fort early in the afternoon. They were repulsed by a heavy cannon placed near the shore. The next day (May 6) the fleet again appeared, and the larger vessels of the squadron opened fire on the fort. The troops landed in the afternoon, and, after a sharp fight in the open field, the garrison retired, and the British took possession of the fort. The main object of the British was the seizure of naval stores at the falls of the Oswego River (now Fulton), and Mitchell, after leaving the fort, took position up the river for their defence. Early on the morning of ing embarked the guns and a few stores found in Oswego, dismantled the fort, and burned the barracks. They also raised and carried away the Growler; also several citizens who had been promised protection and exemption from molestation. In this affair the Americans lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, sixty-nine men; the British lost nineteen killed and seventy-five wounded. See ONTARIO, LAKE, OPERATIONS ON. Otis, ELWELL STEPHEN, military officer; born in Frederick City, Md., March 25, 1838; removed with his parents to Rochester, N. Y., early in life; graduated at the University of Rochester in 1858, and at the Harvard Law School in 1861. In the summer of 1862 he recruited in Rochester, N. Y., a company of the 140th New York Infantry, with which he served throughout the Civil War, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel, Oct. 24, 1863. When the regular army was reorganized he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 22d Infantry, July 28, 1866; served against the Indians in 1867-81; established the school of cavalry and infantry at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., in 1881; and commanded it till 1885. He was promoted brigadiergeneral U. S. A., Nov. 28, 1893; appointed a major-general of volunteers, May 4, OTIS 1898; succeeded Gen. Wesley Merritt as military governor of the Philippine Islands in August following; returned to the United States and was promoted major-general U. S. A., June 16, 1900. He is the author of The Indian Question. Otis, GEORGE ALEXANDER, surgeon; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 12, 1830; graduated at Princeton in 1849; appointed army surgeon in 1861; assigned to duty in the surgeon - general's office, Washington, in 1866. Dr. Otis was the author of Report on Surgical Cases treated in the Army of the United States from 1867-71; Plans for the Transport of the Sick and Wounded, etc.; and was the compiler of the surgical portion of the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 23, 1881. WRITS OF ASSISTANCE (q. v.) called forth popular discussion in 1761. He denounced the writs in unmeasured terms. At a town-meeting in Boston in 1761, when this government measure was discussed by Mr. Gridley, the calm advocate of the crown, and the equally calm lawyer Oxenbridge Thacher, the fiery Otis addressed the multitude with words that thrilled every heart in the audience and stirred every Otis, HARRISON GRAY, statesman; born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1765; graduated at Harvard University in 1783, and was admitted to the bar in 1786, where his fine oratory and varied acquirements soon gained him much fame. In Shays's insurrection (see SHAYS, DANIEL) he was aide to Governor Brooks; served in the Massachusetts legislature; was member of Congress from 1797 to 1801; United States district attorney in 1801; speaker of the Assembly from 1803 to 1805; president of the State Senate from 1805 to 1811; judge of common pleas from 1814 to 1818; and mayor of Boston from 1829 to 1832. In 1814 he was a prominent member of the Hartford patriotic feeling of his hearers into earnest Convention, and wrote a series of letters action. Referring to the arbitrary power upon it. In 1804 he pronounced an eloquent eulogy of General Hamilton. Many of his occasional addresses have been published. His father was Samuel Alleyn Otis, brother of James. He died in Boston, Oct. 28, 1848. JAMES OTIS. of the writ, he said, "A man's house is his castle; and while he is quiet, he is as well guarded as a prince in his castle. This writ, if it should be declared legal, would totally annihilate this privilege. Custom-house officers may enter our houses Otis, JAMES, statesman; born in West when they please; we are commanded to Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 5, 1725; graduated permit their entry. Their menial servants at Harvard University in 1743, and stud- may enter-may break locks, bars, everyied law with Jeremiah Gridley. He began thing in their way; and whether they the practice of his profession at Plymouth, break through malice or revenge, no man, but settled in Boston in 1750, where he no court can inquire. . . I am detersoon obtained a high rank as a lawyer and mined to sacrifice estate, ease, health, apan advocate at the bar. Fond of literary plause, and even life, to the sacred calls pursuits, and a thorough classical scholar, of my country, in opposition to a kind of he wrote and published Rudiments of Latin power the exercise of which cost one king Prosody in 1760, which became a text-book his head and another his throne." The at Harvard. He entered public life as a same year he was chosen a representative zealous patriot and gifted orator when the in the Massachusetts Assembly, and there |