The top prices for hogs, and the bulk of sales made at Kansas City on each commercial day of 1899 and 1898—Continued.

The top prices for hogs, and the bulk of sales made at Kansas City on each commercial day of 1899 and 1898-Continued.

32. OMAHA PRICES FOR LIVE STOCK, 1899.1

Range of prices for horses at Omaha, monthly, for year 1899.

Range of prices for cattle at Omaha, monthly, for year 1899.

Range of prices for hogs at Omaha, monthly, for year 1899.

33. PRICES OF LIVE HOGS IN THREE MARKETS COMPARED.

1 From Report of Union Stock Yards Company, Omaha, Nebr,, 1899.

2 From Stock Raisers and Shippers' Handbook, Kansas City, 1900.
3 From Crop Reporter, May, 1900.

34. TENDENCIES AFFECTING THE PRODUCER'S MARKET.

The most noteworthy tendency involving the position of the grower of live stock has been that of the primary or terminal markets keeping close to the sources of supply. The cattle markets have moved westward with the expansion of the pastoral area, and pork-packing centers have moved with the development of cereal production suited for fattening hogs. The pork-packing industry has had to follow in order to get a cheap supply of hogs and the beef-producing industry to command its supply of cattle. The result of this tendency of consumers to keep close upon the heels of producers has been to reduce the expense of distribution and to give the producer the benefit of a first-hand market.

Another influence favoring the producer in the live-stock market is the practice of continuing packing, particularly pork packing, throughout the entire year. Prior to the eighties the packing season was confined to the winter months alone, and the farmer's market was practically confined to the months of November, December, and January, or only one-fourth of the year. The introduction of refrigerating processes in cooling the carcasses has revolutionized the industry and given the producer of hogs an all-year-round market. There were nearly 14,000.000 hogs packed in the West in 1898 during the 8 summer months, or over half of the entire pack, while in 1873 but 8 per cent of the year's pack was slaughtered in the summer season.1

1 United States Treasury's "Summary:" The Provision Trade, p. 2289, February, 1900.

PART SIXTH.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS.

1. Development of dairying East and West..

2. The farm dairy as a distributive factor..

3. A representative Nebraska creamery (with map)

4. Typical Western creamery States (with maps)

5. Eastward freights and Elgin prices compared (diagram)

6. How Elgin board of trade prices are made..

7. Weekly prices of Elgin board butter, 1880-1899

8. Comparative wholesale prices of butter weekly, New York and Chicago, 1880-1899

9. Comparative wholesale prices of butter weekly, Boston and Philadelphia, 1880-1899. 10. Statistical position of representative markets for dairy products..

(1) Consumption and domestic distribution of butter at New York, 1883–1897

(2) Comparative receipts of Eastern and Western butter at New York, 1883-1897. (3) Comparative exports of butter for fifteen years, 1883-1897..

(4) Distribution of butter exports by countries, 1897-1899..

(5) New York receipts of Eastern and Western cheese, 1888-1897.

(6) Consumption and distribution of cheese at New York, 1888-1897 (7) Comparative exports of cheese, 1883-1897.

11. Receipts and shipments of butter at Chicago, 1853–1898..

12. Cheese and butter movement by routes, Chicago and St. Louis..

13. What makes the price of cheese? Relative value of butter and milk 14. Export trade in dairy products.......

1. DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRYING EAST AND WEST.

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Within the past 20 or 30 years dairying has done more than any other form of farm industry toward the reconstruction of rural enterprise. Dairying, as now followed in New England, the North Atlantic States, and the Central States of the West, is the product of rural adversity. In New England dairying arose out of the necessity of finding a market for the products near home. It was a remedy for the abandoned farm. In the Middle States the same necessity was felt when competition of Western cereals and live stock took away much of the local market for these supplies in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. In the West dairying arose out of the ruinously low price of these very cereals and cattle, which had ruined the farmer of the East.

These conditions of farming made it necessary to change the farm policy entirely over more than half of the United States. For both surplus cereals and live stock a new and more profitable use had to be found. In the development of dairying we have the solution of the critical problem that faced the farmer generally, except in the South, during the fall in the price of staple farm products, in the past 30 years. In other words, dairying has revolutionized American farm economy, and has thereby radically changed the relation of the producer to the consumer of farm products.

The dairy interests of New York State are possibly the most extensively developed in the country. In the year 1894 there were 1,658 factories making butter and cheese in this State. Besides this consumption of milk supply, New York City at the southeast takes annually about 400,000,000 gallons, mainly from New York State farms. At the other end of the State the city of Buffalo takes annually a milk supply of about 7,000,000 gallons. These figures suggest the scale on which dairying has developed a market for the milk products of the farm. The daily supply of milk is transported in some cases not far from 500 miles. Butter and cheese production in New York.1