Institutions; (6) of Hygiene. During a period of fifty years ending September 30, 1894, the society expended $2,250,000, the expenditures for single years in some cases amounting to nearly $100,000, and in 1894 amounting to $120,506.60. This report with its eighty appendices offers much material for the detailed study of the different departments of the work of the society and interesting comparisons with similar work in former years. The society experienced three very trying years of industrial depression and distress besides the winter of 1893-94, and the record as far as it goes of the winters of 1854-55, 1857-58 and 1873-74 is interesting for purposes of comparison.

Pennsylvania.-The question of abolishing the State Board of Charities, and establishing a Department of Charities and Corrections at Harrisburg composed solely of paid officials, is again before the Pennsylvania Legislature. The expenditures of the State for charitable purposes amounted last year to nearly $1,500,000, and it is argued that so large a sum warrants the expenditure of a few more thousands on a department that will see that full value is received in a much better way than a board of unpaid private citizens is apt to do. This will naturally bring up a discussion of the present and prospective influence of politics in the control of our State charitable institutions, and thus give room for much difference of opinion as to the wise method to pursue. The Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of Public Charities for 1893* has just been distributed, and the Twenty-fifth Annual Report is about going to press. The condition of each of the State institutions, and of many private ones under State supervision, is given in detail by the Commissioners visiting them. The statistical part of the report is not encouraging, indicating as it does increase of crime and pauperism, overcrowding of many institutions, etc. Court proceedings show an increase in 1893 over 1892 of persons tried of 1502, or 9.59 per cent; of convictions an increase of 319, or 8.69 per cent; an increase of 221 in the penitentiaries, of 173 in county prisons, of 28 in the workhouse, and a decrease of 25 in the industrial reformatory, and an increase of 53 in the reformatories for boys and girls. The Eastern Penitentiary, where solitary confinement is supposed to obtain, the overcrowding was so great (December 31, 1893) that 1248 persons occupied 720 cells. The almshouse population of the State was 22,950, an increase of 229 over 1892. In addition to these persons out-door relief was extended to 22,269, amounting to nearly $300,000. The net cost of almshouses * "Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of Public Charities of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for 1893, also the Report of the General Agent and Secretary, Statistics, and the Report of the Committee on Lunacy." Transmitted to the Legislature January, 1894. Official Document, No. 17.

and out-door relief is given as $1,912,639.78. The accommodations for the insane are barely adequate, though the removal of 1000 chronic patients to the new asylum at Wernersville filled that institution and left the State hospitals filled to their proper capacity. The report maintains, therefore, that in the near future there will be a demand for a new institution for the care and treatment of the insane.

Massachusetts.-The Sixteenth Annual Report of the State Board of Lunacy and Charity of Massachusetts,* covering the year September, 1893 to September, 1894, has just appeared. The number of insane in the State under supervision, September 30, 1894, was 6571, of which 5551 were in hospitals and asylums, 809 in town almshouses, and 211 in private families. The cost of support in the State hospitals and asylums was $772,559. The poor in the State within the year ending September 30, 1894, were:

The report contains a well-prepared statistical appendix entitled "The Pauper Abstract." From one of these tables, an exceedingly interesting one (page xxxi), it appears that pauperism in the cities and towns has increased greatly and steadily since 1874, in Massachusetts, so far as those who are fully supported by the public go. The number receiving partial support does not vary greatly from year to year. The cost to the people of Massachusetts, however, has nearly doubled in the period 1874-94.

Unemployed. New York City. Appendix No. 13 (page 153) of the Semi-Centennial Report of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poort gives an epitome of Miss Buchanan's report to the society which tabulates the answers to questions sent by Mr. Carlos C. Closson, representing the "Quarterly Journal of Economics," to Mayor Gilroy of New York, and referred by him to this society. It contains a good summary of the relief-work done in New York City during the winter of 1893–94.

Cincinnati, O.-The annual message of the Mayor of Cincinnati for 1894 contains a résumé of the relief work undertaken by the city in the winter of 1893-94. From the census taken by the police force, October 1, 1893, it appeared that 7020 persons were out of

* Public Document No. 17. Boston, 1895.
†Noticed under heading “Charities above.

employment, and that these persons, of whom 5851 were men, the balance women and children, were the bread-winners and support of over 25,000 people. A committee of citizens in conference with the Mayor deemed the situation sufficiently serious to warrant the city giving additional employment. The Board of Legislation appropriated $30,000 from the Contingent Fund to be placed at the disposal of the Park Board, and during the month of November, and up to December 15, 1893, 1200 men were employed on the parks, 2387 persons applied for work, 1891 were examined at residences, 1013 were recommended after examination, and 878 were not recommended for one of the following reasons: (1) Not found at address given; (2) no families dependent, or families had sufficient income for maintenance; (3) few who had found other work between time of application and examination. About 50 of those recommended did not appear, or were discharged for good cause on trial; 200 additional men were taken from the organization of the unemployed, and 1168 laborers and 32 foremen and time-keepers in all were employed; $28,543.33 was paid in wages, and $1456.77 for tools.

A second bill appropriating $100,000 became law February 1, 1894, and up to April 1, 1894, of the 4495 applicants for work, 3140, who were the main support of 17,000 persons, were employed six days at eight hours each at fifteen cents an hour every third week. All applicants were rigidly examined by the Associated Charities and the Police Department. A fairly good system of employment cards was improvised to prevent fraud. Most persons employed had had no experience with a pick or shovel, and the Mayor estimates that the actual value received from the labor employed will not exceed fifty cents on the dollar. At the date of the Mayor's report (April 1, 1894,) about half of the $100,000 appropriation had been expended.

The report of the Board of Administration, issued in February, 1895,* shows that the balance of this appropriation was expended on the parks and in cleaning and repairing the streets, and that the Water Works Department was authorized to issue in addition $100,000, of which $50,000 was expended in pay rolls, making a total expenditure for the relief of the unemployed of about $180,000.

Immigration.-Immigration Restriction League. The wide-spread feeling that the time has come when there should be a more careful sifting of the immigration to our shores, has found expression in the formation of the Immigration Restriction League. It was organized in Boston on May 31, 1894, but now has members in nearly every State in the Union. It is an entirely non-political and non-sectarian organization.

*Pp. 98. Cincinnati. The Commercial Gazette Job Print, 1895.

According to the Constitution its objects are: "To advocate and work for the further judicious restriction or stricter regulation of immigration, to issue documents and circulars, solicit facts and information on that subject, hold public meetings, and to arouse public opinion to the necessity of a further exclusion of elements undesirable for citizenship or injurious to our national character. It is not an object of this league to advocate the exclusion of laborers or other immigrants of such character and standards as fit them to become citizens.” The officers of the league are: President, Professor John Fiske, Cambridge, Mass.; Vice-Presidents, Mr. Samuel B. Capen, Boston; Hon. George F. Edmunds, Burlington, Vt.; Hon. George S. Hale, Colonel Henry Lee, Mr. Robert Treat Paine, Hon. Henry Parkman, Mr. Thomas F. Ring, all of Boston; Hon. L. Saltonstall, Newton, Mass.; Professor N. S. Shaler, Cambridge, Mass.; and Professor Richmond Mayo-Smith, New York City; Secretary, Mr. Charles Warren, 428 Exchange Building, Boston; Treasurer, Mr. S. D. Parker, Boston. The Chairman of the Executive Committee is Mr. Robert DeC. Ward. The annual dues are one dollar.

The league has issued thus far five publications, Number one is a small sixteen-page pamphlet on "The Present Aspect of the Immigration Problem." Number two is a four-page circular containing statistics as to the character of the immigration into the United States, etc. Number three, another sixteen-page pamphlet, contains "Various Facts and Opinions Concerning the Necessity of Restricting Immigration." Number four is also a four-page circular and gives "Twenty Reasons Why Immigration Should Be Further Restricted Now." Number five is a card and contains the "Latest Information About Immigration," (December, 1894). Any of these publications can be obtained from the secretary, 428 Exchange Building, Boston.

CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Sociological Theory:

"The Winning of the West." By THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Vol. III. Pp. 339. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1894.

"

'Suggestions on Government." By S. E. MOFFETT. Pp. 200. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co. (Has a discussion of the Referendum.) "Towards Utopia: Being Speculations in Social Evolution." By a Free Lance. Pp. 260. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

"Evolution and Ethics and other Essays." By THOS. H. HUXLEY. Pp. 347. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894. [This volume contains not only the famous Romanes lecture of 1893, but also Professor Huxley's letters to the Times, attacking General Booth's Darkest England scheme.]

"Social Growth and Stability."

Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co., 1895.

By D. OSTRANDER. Pp. 191.

"Transformations sociales." Par H. DEPASSE. Paris: Alcan, 1894. "Quelques questions politiques, économiques et sociales."

B. Dufoussat, 1894. Guéret.

"Tratado de sociologia." Par M. SALES Y FERRÉ. Madrid, 1894"La decadenza della moralità ed il contagio morale." Par L. RONCATI. Bologna, 1894.

"Les mouvements intérieurs de la population en France." VICTOR TURQUAN. Reforme sociale, January 16, 1895.

Par

'Aspects of Social Life in East End of London." By Miss S. MOODY. "Luxury, a Social Study." BY PAUL LEROY-BEAULIEU. Chautauquan, January, 1895.

"A Scheme of Sociological Study." By GEORGE E. VINCENT. Educational Review, New York, December, 1894.

Status and Future of Woman Suffrage Movement." By MARY P. JACOBI. Forum, December, 1894.

"Burden of Indiscriminate Immigration." By J. H. TWELLS. American Journal of Politics, December, 1894.

"Modern Penology." By G. R. VICARS. Gentleman's Magazine, London, December, 1894.

"Nature of Sociology." By Bernard Moses. Journal of Political Economy, Chicago, December, 1894.

"Political Prophecy and Sociology." By Professor H. SIDGWICK. National Review, December, 1894.

"Assimilation of Nationalities." II. By R. MAYO-SMITH. "Negro Suffrage in the South." By S. B. WEEKS. Political Science Quar

terly, December, 1894.

'A Study of the Mob." BY BORIS SIDIS. "Present Status of Civil Service Reform." By THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Atlantic Monthly, February, 1895.

"Social and Economic Legislation of the States in 1894." By W. B. SHAW. Quarterly Journal of Economics, January, 1895.

'Die historischen und die orthodoxen Nationalökonomen in ihrem Verhältnisse zur Sociologie." Von GIUSEPPE FIAMINGO. Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwaltung. Vol. III, No. 4, Vienna, 1894. [This is a good contribution to the vexed dispute now waging between economists and sociologists as to the relation of their respective fields of labor to each other.]

The trustees of the John F. Slater Fund have recently published at Baltimore, the "Fourth Occasional Paper" which deals with the Negro in the United States, and is chiefly a detailed statistical study going back as far as 1790.