number of marriages in 1890 was 20,836; births, 81,620 deaths, 64,877; excess of births, 16,743. Of 7,516 persons who emigrated in 1891 to transmarine countries, 6,936 went to North America, 8 to Central America, 500 to South America, and 72 went to other parts of the world. On June 1, 1892, Zurich had a population of 96,839; Geneva, 78,106; Basel, 73,958; Bern, 47,270; and Lausanne, 35,124.

Finances. The receipts of the Federal Government for 1891 were 80,563,995 francs, of which 336,358 francs were from real property; 1,253,115 francs from capital invested, 27,506 francs from the general administration, 226,244 francs from the political department, 1,003 francs from justice and police, 14,660,041 francs from the military arsenals, 34,025,800 francs from finance and customs, 173,082 francs from industry and agriculture, 29,849,052 francs from posts, telegraphs, telephones, and railroads, and 11,794 francs from miscellaneous sources. The total expenditures amounted to 84,534,105 francs, of which 2,651,572 francs were for interest on the public debt and sinking fund, 908,714 francs for the gen. eral administration, 134,179 franes for justice and police, 36,726,542 francs for the military department, 5,775,619 francs for finance and customs, 893,367 francs for the political department, 8,244,323 francs for the interior, 1,742,390 francs for industry and agriculture, 27,421,316 francs for posts, telegraphs, and railroads, and 36,083 francs for miscellaneous expenses.

The Federal debt on Jan. 1, 1892, amounted to 60,964,575 francs, against which the Government holds general assets to the amount of 97,521,894 francs, and 16,096,261 francs in special funds.

Commerce.-The total value of the special imports in 1891 was 932,391,000 francs, and that of the exports 671,867,000 francs. The special commerce with the principal countries in 1891 is given in the following table, in francs:

000 francs; leather, 10,637,000 francs; leather manufactures. 10,579,000 francs. The chief exports were silk manufactures, to the value of 125,437,000 francs; cotton goods, 122,261,000 francs; watches, 100,547,000 francs; silk yarn, 56,418,000 francs; cheese, 38,614,000 francs; machinery and carriages, 21,565,000 francs; cotton, 21,238,000 francs; milk, 15,114,000 francs; animals, 14,830,000 francs; coloring matters, 11,722,000 francs; apparel, 11,100,000 francs; raw silk, 8,925,000 francs; wool, 8,907,000 francs; hides and skins, 7,868,000 francs; manufactures of straw, 7,335,000 francs. Of the total imports, 27.5 per cent. were articles of consumption; 7 per cent., animals; 28.9 per cent., raw materials; and 36.6 per cent., manufactured articles. Of the exports, 9.4 per cent. were articles of consumption; 2.6 per cent., animals; 2.9 per cent., raw materials; and 85.1 per cent., manufactured articles.

The Army.-By the laws of Nov. 13, 1874, and Feb. 15, 1887, military service was made compulsory on every Swiss citizen, who has to serve in the Auszug from his 20th to his 32d year, and from then until his 44th year in the Landwehr. The service in the Auszug consists of the short space of time necessary for acquiring the rudiments of military tactics, and is followed by annual exercises of a few weeks' duration. Every Swiss citizen between the ages of 17 and 50 belongs to the Landsturm, but exemption from service may be bought by an annual tax ranging from 6 to 300 francs. In 1891 the strength of the Swiss army was as follows :

Africa.

Australia and Polynesia.

Total....

46,867,000

13,678,000

9,722,000

12,452,000

4,530,000 32,483,000

30,563,000 71,700,000

9,893,000 16,659,000

7,094,000 28,523,000 13,630,000 4,810,000 2,190,000 3,011,000

932,391,000 671,867,000

The total imports of grain and flour were valued at 116,813,000 francs; spun silk, 71,725,000 francs; animals, 48,357,000 francs; raw silk, 45,425,000 francs; woolen thread and cloth, 42,355,000 francs; cotton, 34,693,000 francs; wine, 34,567,000 francs; apparel, 28,492,000 francs; iron, 25,881,000 francs; cottons, 24221,000 francs; chemicals, 21,657,000 francs; machinery and carriages, 21,076,000 francs; sugar, 19,090,000 francs; coffee, 18,980,000 francs; precious metals, 18,143,000 francs; manufactures of iron, 17,575,000 francs; silk manufactures, 13,831,000 francs; timber, 13,351,000 francs; manufactures of wool, 11,352,

Communications.-The length of railroads open for traffic on Jan. 1, 1891, was 3,199 kilometers.

The post-office in 1891 forwarded 66,692,000 domestic letters, 13,590,000 domestic postal cards, 22,520,000 pieces of printed matter, and 3,197,000 domestic money letters of the declared value of 365,303,000 francs; and 27,365,000 international letters, 6,889,000 postal cards, 15,775,000 pieces of printed matter. and 740,000 international money letters of the declared value of 42,482,000 francs.

The length of telegraph lines in 1891 was 7.245 kilometers, with a length of wire of 19,188 kilometers. There were forwarded, through 1,411 telegraph offices, 3,818,538 dispatches, of which 1,974,048 were domestic, 1,239.490 international, 467,337 in transit, and 137,663 service telegrams. The receipts amounted to 4,387,796 francs, and the expenses to 4,280,661 francs.

Congress of the Institute of International Law. A meeting of the Institute of International Law was held in Geneva in the beginning

of September, 1892. The countries_represented were the United States, England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Norway, and Japan. Rules relating to the expulsion and exclusion of foreigners were drawn up. The rules regarding exclusion are as follows:

The free entrance of foreigners into a state cannot be prohibited in a general manner or permanently, unless for reasons of public interest or motives of the gravest nature, viz., by reason of fundamental differences in customs or civilizations, or by reason of dangerous organizations or accumulations of foreigners who present themselves en The protection of national labor by itself, is

masse.

not sufficient reason for non-admittance.

Entrance into a state may be forbidden to any

individual in a state of vagrancy or beggary, or who is afflicted with a contagious disease, or who is strongly suspected of grave offenses committed in the foreign state against the public security, against the life or health of a person, or against property, or who has been condemned in a foreign country for the above-named offenses.

In order to facilitate the definitions of political offenses to be excepted in extradition treaties, the following rules were adopted:

1. Extradition is not to be granted for political crimes or for misdemeanors of a purely political

character.

2. This shall also apply to offenses mixed or connected with political crimes or to misdemeanors called relative political misdemeanors, unless they are crimes of the gravest nature as regarded by common morais or right, such as assassination, murder, poisoning, voluntary and premeditated mutilation and wounding, also attempts on property by fire, explosion or inundation, and grave robberies, especially if the latter have been committed with violence or by force of arms.

3. Persons who have committed acts in the course of an insurrection or a civil war, in the interest of either of the parties to such warfare, shall not be extradited, unless such acts constitute odious barbarism or unnecessary vandalism according to martial law, and in such cases only after the civil war is

ended.

4. Under the former sections, such acts as are committed against the fundamental law of society, and not against any government in particular, are not included in these rules.

A further proposal was adopted to establish an international bureau of information at Bern, i.e.. a bureau which is to be charged with the centralization and publication of international arrangements and documents particularly, so as to enable the public to ascertain the contents of treaties, which has hitherto been a difficult task. Session of the Peace Congress.-A meeting of the Peace Congress was held at Bern in the latter part of August, 1892. The Congress decided to establish a permanent international peace bureau at Bern, for the support of which the Government of Switzerland is to approach the constitutional authorities of all civilized states. A further resolution invites all European peace societies to declare as their highest aim the creation of a confederation of European states, based upon the solidarity of interest of the sepa

rate states. Proposals were discussed touching a future congress of nations, and a request to all European powers to abolish the present preparations for war. The Congress was attended by delegates from almost all nations, Americans and British furnishing a large proportion. Chicago was selected as the place of meeting for 1893.

Session of the Inter-Parliamentary Conference. The meeting of the Inter-Parliamentary Conference took place at Bern from August 29 to 31, 1892. The countries represented were Switzerland, Great Britain, France, Germany, Denmark, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Portugal, Roumania, Sweden, Spain, Liberia, Hungary, and Honduras. The following proposals were adopted:

1. The members engaged in the Conference are to ask their respective Governments to help to organize an international conference for the recognition of the rights of private property at sea in time of

war.

2. The members pledge themselves to try and induce their Governments to respond to the overtures of the United States with reference to the conclusion of treaties of arbitration with that Republic. 3. The Inter-Parliamentary Conference is the organ of groups of members of Parliament which the purpose of obtaining in their respective states have been constituted or may yet be constituted for recognition for the principle, that disputes between states ought to be submitted for final settlement to courts of arbitration.

of general interest, the conference establishes a In order to deal with other international questions permanent central bureau, under the name of the

International Arbitration Court, with its seat in Bern.

The director of the bureau will be elected by delegates of the various Parliamentary groups for a term of four years, and will be eligible for re-election.

The duties of the bureau will be as follows: To keep a register of the composition of the national Parliamentary groups; to enter into communication with the members of all Parliaments for the purParliamentary groups in all countries; to summon pose of bringing about the constitution of national inter-Parliamentary conferences and to occupy itself with the execution of their resolutions; to act as the central organ of the national Parliamentary groups for all questions regarding their mutual relations; to keep the records and collect all documents having reference to arbitration and the preservation of peace; and, finally, to take generally all suitable steps for advancing the objects of the Inter-Parliamentary Conference.

The costs of the bureau will be defrayed by the national groups in the ratio of the population of the different states represented by them.

The conference intrusts the execution of the above resolution to a committee of five members of the Swiss Federal Assembly.

The Central Parliamentary Bureau in connection with the conference will consist of the following members: Dr. Baumbach (Germany), Mr. P. Stanhope (England), Herr Pirguet (Austria), Signor Pandolfi (Italy), M. Trarieux (France), M. Rahnsen (Netherlands), Señor Marcoartu (Spain), M. Urecchia (Roumania), and M. Ullman (Norway). The next meeting will be held at Christiania.

TENNESSEE, a Southern State, admitted to the Union June 1, 1796; area, 42,050 square miles. The population, according to each decennial census since admission, was 105,602 in 1800; 261,727 in 1810; 422,771 in 1820; 681,904 in 1830; 829,210 in 1840; 1,002,717 in 1850; 1,109,801 in 1860; 1,258,520 in 1870; 1,542,359 in 1880; and 1,767,518 in 1890. Capital, Nashville.

Government. The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, John P. Buchanan, Democrat; Secretary of State, Charles A. Miller; Treasurer and Insurance Commissioner, M. F. House; Comptroller, J. W. Allen; Attorney-General, G. W. Pickle; Superintendent of Public Instruction, W. R. Garrett; Commissioner of Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines, D. G. Godwin; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Peter Turney; Associate Justices, W. C. Caldwell, B. L. Snodgrass, H. H. Lorton, and Benjamin J. Lea. After Judge Turney became Governor, Judge Lorton was made ChiefJustice and J. S. Wilkes elected to the vacancy. Finances. The amount received from the usual sources of revenue for the past two years is $3,493.862.89, an increase of $313,387.55 over the receipts during the two years preceding. The expenses have been raised by the increase in the appropriation for the payment of Confederate soldiers' pensions, in those to the industrial school and the Peabody Normal School, and by the ordinary growth of State institutions. The new appropriations were: Confederate Soldiers' Home, $35,000; improvement of waterways, $5,000; Capitol improvement, $30,000; enumeration of voters, $17,180.79; total, $87,180.79.

The following were the expenses incurred on account of the labor troubles at the mines: on account of arresting convicts, for the ultimate payment of which the State looks to the lessees, $14.616.82; on account of military in the field,-salaries, transportation, maintenance, $107,205.94. There is claimed to be due to the State from lessees on rental, which has been withheld and is now in litigation, $114,000.

The State owed on borrowed money, Dec. 20, 1890, the sum of $459,797.10, which has all been paid. The State is in debt $59,000, and but for the expenses of the mining insurrections and the loss or delaying of the money due by the lessees of convicts, would have a surplus in the treasury.

An act passed by the Forty-seventh General Assembly authorized the sale of fifteen-year 4 per cent. bonds, and with the proceeds of such sale the retirement of 5 and per cent. bonds issued under act of 1883. The board, acting under this law, sold the bonds, payment being made by installments. When the trade has been fully carried out, the State will save $24,294 annually on interest account.

Under the direction of the Forty-seventh General Assembly, expressed by the act approved March 25, 1891, the direct tax levied by the Federal Government in 1861, and refunded to the several States, has been distributed to all the

proper claimants who have made application for it. The amount received from the United States Government was $402,908.58. Of this amount $368,699.49 has been distributed, leaving a residue of $34.209.09.

Education. The entire school population is 697.662, of whom 172,954 are colored. This is an increase of the white school population over 1890 of 14,119, or 2.7 per cent., and a decrease of the colored 2,767, or a loss of 1.6 per cent. The net gain is 11,352, or 1.7 per cent. The enrollment was,-white, 380,456; colored, 107,051; total, 487,507. The daily average attendance was white. 274,482; colored, 75,001; total, 349,383. This shows a marked increase over the figures of 1890. The increase in enrollment is 67.403, or 16 per cent. The increase in average attendance is 52,718, or 18 per cent. The average time during which the schools were open was 96 days.

Only 2,177 of the 8,612 teachers in the State, or 25 per cent., have remained more than one term in the same school. In 23 counties all the schools are completely graded, in 56 some are graded or partially so, in 11 none are graded, and 6 are not reported in this respect.

The legislature appropriated $1,500 for teachers' institutes, and $2,000 was received from the Peabody fund for the same purpose.

The enrollment in the Peabody Normal College in 1891-92 was 470. The registration is now 500, of whom 275 are residents of Tennessee. The Trustees of the Peabody Education Fund are spending on this school annually in the way of scholarships and salaries about $34,000.

In addition to the college registration proper, there are now enrolled in the Winthrop Model School 75 children. This school represents the work done in the first eight years of the public school course, and employs 2 regular teachers and an assistant.

The biennial report of the trustees of the State University, at Knoxville, shows continued growth in the institution. A new building of brick and stone, four stories high, has been erected for a science hall and gymnasium, and two additional dwellings for professors. No appropriations were made by the legislature, the funds for building having been received from rents, the sale of lands, and savings from current expenses. $149,345 has been thus saved and used in permanent improvements during the last six years.

Confederate Soldiers.-The home has been completed and was formally opened on May 12. It has accommodations for 125. The pension law has been in operation two years.

The amount appropriated by the last General Assembly for the payment of the pension roll was $60,000 per annum.

Charitable Institutions.-The School for the Deaf and Dumb has 142 pupils. A fine building has been constructed with the appropriation made by the Forty-seventh General Assembly. The appropriations for 1891-92 amounted to $69,375.

The School for the Blind has 97 in attendance. By act of 1891 there was appropriated for its

maintenance $37,000; for building and repairs, $3,000, making a total of $40,000. The report shows the need of an appropriation of $40,000 for 100 pupils, and then an extra appropriation for necessary repairs and purchases.

The Industrial School reports 316 inmates. A girls' department has been added. It has become necessary to rent three additional buildings for the increased work of the school. It cost the State $22,386.81 for the biennial period.

The Watkins Institute, though supported by private benefaction, is under the care of the State. A night-school is maintained for four months in the year, with 5 teachers and 375 pupils.

The Lunatic Asylums received during 1891-2 the amount of $369,521.33.

The State Prison.-This institution is greatly overcrowded. It is small and badly ventilated, and has accommodations for only 320 inmates. There were 340 before the trouble at Tracy City, and when the 350 were sent from that place, some were compelled to sleep on the stone floors of the wings, while two were placed in each cell; and 290 more were afterward sent on. The leas ing of convict labor has enabled the State to get along without more penitentiary room, and left it unprovided for an emergency like that of August last.

The Comptroller's report shows that $24,997.87 was expended for building and repairs at the prison during 1891-2. The amounts received from lessees were $97,020.68, with $114,000 yet due, according to the claim made by the State.

Agriculture.-A "Less-cotton Convention" was held in Memphis, Jan. 8. The low price of cotton caused by the large crop of 9,000,000 bales in 1891 reduced the whole cotton-producing section to the verge of financial ruin. In order to start a movement to induce the farmers of those States to reduce their cotton acreage and increase the quantity of food crops, the Commissioner of Agriculture called the convention, "to be composed of representatives of the Department of Agriculture of the interested states, of planters, of delegates from the Cotton and Merchants' Exchange and from the agricultural societies, and of all others who were interested directly or indirectly in the attainment of the object had in view. The 20 per cent. reduction recommended by this convention as necessary in order to make the cultivation of cotton once more profitable was not reached, but the report of the United States Commissioner of Agriculture shows a reduction of sixteen and five-tenths per cent. in acreage, and a reduction of about 2,000,000 bales in yield, the decrease being attributed, in a large measure, to the small acreage. As a result of this reduced supply of cotton, prices advanced 40 per cent. and the farmers in the cotton section by means of the increased food crops are better prepared for the cultivation of the next year's crop."

The yield of the cotton crop this year was estimated in November at 47.3 per cent, against 72.8 per cent. in 1891. The corn yield, which was 89.6 in 1891, was 78.2 in 1892.

Railroads. Some progress has been made in the building of the Nashville and Knoxville, or Crawford road. When the contractors reached the gap for which the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway claimed it had a right of way and where some grading was done by it last year,

that road enjoined the Crawfords from taking possession of the pass, but Chancellor Webb dissolved the injunction, the Crawfords entering into a $30,000 bond to reimburse the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis if so decided by a court on final adjudication of the claims of both roads. This road will lead to the oil field, which now bids fair to be one of the most important in the country.

A receiver was appointed in July for the Memphis and Charleston road. Owing to the depression of business, the net earnings of the road fell short of those of the preceding year by $175,000, and in addition the company was compelled to build a drawbridge near Florence at a cost of $80,000, so that it could not meet the interest on its bonds.

River Improvement.—A new organization, to be known as the " Mississippi River Improvement Association," was formed in Memphis, May 13. Its object is to co-operate with the National Mississippi River Commission and urge upon Congress the necessity of carrying out promptly the recommendations of that body. The design is to include in the membership every civil engineer and capitalist of the hundreds of river towns in the Mississippi Valley, and to proceed with method. No improvement will be pressed before Congress until it has stood the test of scientific examination and been approved by this organization.

Convict Labor Troubles.-Another disturbance broke out this year in the mining district northwest of Knoxville, where the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company employs convicts leased from the State. The chronic dissatisfaction of the miners at being compelled to compete with convict labor was intensified by the fact that as the work grew slack the free miners were worked on short time, while the convicts were kept at full time. Trouble was feared in July, but apparently no unusual precautions were taken. The miners were perhaps emboldened by the fact that the rioters of 1891 had escaped without punishment, and believed that by a few bold strokes they might succeed in causing a change in the convict-labor law and thus rid themselves forever of the hated competition.

The first attack was made at Tracy City on the morning of Aug. 13. The guards at the stockade were overpowered, the convicts were brought out, and the stockade was burned. The convicts and guards were placed on a train and started for Nashville. Not a shot was fired by either side. Thirteen of the convicts escaped from the train, having disconnected the car they were in. Five of these were recaptured, one killed, one badly wounded, and six made good their escape. There were 362 convicts in all at Tracy City.

The next attack was made on Inman by the mob from Tracy City, and the operations at Tracy City were repeated, except that the stockade was pulled down instead of burned; 282 convicts and 27 guards were taken to the station at Victoria and sent away. The stockade was not burned, as there is a high trestle of the branch road built above it, which would also have burned, making work in the mines impossible. No free miners were employed at Inman.

On the night of the 16th, a company of miners from Coal Creek, Jellico, and other places, seized

three trains and with Winchesters compelled the train men to take them to Oliver Springs. The convicts were taken out and sent away.

Up to this time no serious effort appears to have been made to support the local authorities and restore order. It was expected that the next point of attack would be Coal Creek, where a garrison has been kept for nearly a year, numbering about 150 men. In response to appeals for assistance, the Governor ordered the sheriff to take a posse of 500 men from Knoxville, but they were hard to get, on account of widespread sympathy with the miners. On the 18th, the Governor ordered out all the organized militia. The attack was made the same day the militia were ordered out, the 18th. The garrison, in charge of Col. Anderson, made resistance and repelled the mob, which then sent up a flag of truce and asked for an interview with Col. Anderson. He went out with the flag, and was taken prisoner. He was ordered, under threats of death, to sign a letter to his lieutenant directing the surrender of the stockade and fort. He steadily refused to sign the letter, and was kept all night in the mountains, where the miners discussed the policy of hanging him.

Meantime Gen. Carnes had advanced to Coal Creek with reënforcements from Chattanooga, and on the 19th the miners were routed in a fierce battle. Some were taken prisoners, and the insurgents were notified that unless Col. Anderson was brought back in safety the prisoners would be put to death. He was finally restored unhurt. Three, at least, of the soldiers were killed in the attack, and it was supposed that several miners fell. One of the worst of the leaders, Bud Lindsay, was captured on the 21st by a party of citizens. He begged for his life and offered to give evidence against the other leaders, and on this condition his life was spared. Gen. Carnes proceeded against him and other leaders, under civil warrants, and 200 were under arrest by the 20th. He took a force on that day and went to Briceville, where the houses of the miners were searched and about 60 prisoners taken. By the 22d, 500 men had been arrested. A dispute arose between the State authorities, and the lessees as to the rent for the leased convicts in Nashville after they were sent from the mines. It is quite possible that the system of leasing convicts may be abandoned, as the general sentiment in the State seems to be that, while the law must be enforced so long as it remains on the statute-books, it would be wiser to do away with it.

Political. A Governor, ten representatives in Congress, and a legislature that would elect a United States Senator in place of W. B. Bate, were to be chosen on Nov. 8.

The Democratic Convention for the selection of delegates to the national convention met, May 26. The delegates were instructed to vote for Cleveland as long as his name should be before the convention. The platform declared for the autonomy of the States, and economy in governmental expenditures; against the enlargement and concentration of Federal powers, bounties, and subsidies in every form, and "the whole theory and practice of paternalism." It declared the party to be the fast friend of the farmer and the laboring, man. It denounced the McKinley

act, and the reciprocity policy "as a temporizing scheme intended to soothe the people with a measure of partial free trade, delay the downfall of monopoly, and throw a sop to New England." It condemned the Force bill," and the pension policy, which it characterized as "a part of the general policy of the Government under the Republican rule to drain the South of its wealth and carry it to more favored sections." On the subject of coinage it said :

convertible into coin at the option of the holder, and We favor a currency of gold, silver, and of paper in such amount as will meet the business necessities of internal trade and commerce among the people; and we further favor a parity of the two metals as a common unit of value and as a legal tender for the payment of all debts, public and private, as existed under the laws of the United States down to the infamous and surreptitious demonetization of silver in 1873 by the Republican party; and we further favor the continued coinage of both silver and gold bullion in such manner as that every dollar so coined shall be equal to every other dollar.

Chief-Justice Peter Turney had been put forward for the gubernatorial nomination. The primary elections were largely in his favor, and on Aug. 4 Gov. Buchanan issued an address withdrawing his name from consideration before the nominating convention. The convention met on Aug. 9, and nominated Turney by acclamation. In reference to State affairs, the resolutions called for the reduction of taxation and the retrenchment of expenses, and declared that labor should not be "under duress from convict labor and its corporate organization"; and therefore favored the abolition of the penitentiary lease system, and the erection of a prison large enough to hold all the convicts and so constructed as to allow of classification, that the young and those convicted of lesser offenses might be separated from old and hardened criminals.

On Aug. 10 the city of Memphis was thrown into a state of great excitement by the announcement that the Governor had commuted the sentence of Col. H. Clay King, who was to have been hanged on the 12th, for the murder of D. H. Poston, and at night a crowd assembled at the most central point in the city and hanged the Governor in effigy.

On Aug. 15 the Governor announced himself an independent candidate for re-election.

The People's party had met in June and adopted resolutions and appointed a delegation to Omaha, but postponed naming a candidate for Governor till Aug. 18. The resolutions demanded free coinage and an increase of the volume of the currency to the extent of $50 per capita. It demanded that United States Senators be elected directly by the people. In State matters, the abrogation of the convict lease system was demanded, and it was declared that salaries of all State and county officials should be reduced, and that a tax on the people to pay the railroad debt was unconstitutional.

At the convention. Aug. 18, the following resolution was adopted:

Whereas, John P. Buchanan has announced himself as an independent candidate for Governor upon a platform of principles which are sound and in accord with the reform movement; therefore, Resolved, That it is the desire of this convention