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Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

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Napoleon and the Invasion of England. By H. F. B. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley. 2 vols. (Lane.) A MOST agreeable way of learning modern history for the ordinary man is by means of caricatures, medals, and other pictorial illustrations. Unfortunately, few men have the leisure or the money to secure a collection of such things, which grow increasingly rare. We are, then, doubly grateful to Mr. Lane, who has lately taken a special interest in the personal and pictorial side of English history and biography, for these two elaborate volumes. Napoleon never reached England, as everybody knows, but the sub-title of this book, The Story of the Great Terror,' fairly indicates the feelings which his plan aroused, and good judges of history have considered that England was never in such peril as when his descent on our shores was threatened. This will account for, and perhaps excuse, the obvious unfairness of some of the verbal and pictorial attacks made on the "Corsican ogre." There is an admirable French work on the subject, disfigured, however, by the errors which often indicate to us the incapability of the French "proofreader"; but English treatment of it has been so far fragmentary. We have now before us a thoroughly competent account of the plans for national defence; the part played by George III. and his advisers; the projects of the invaders; the inventions of Fulton, whose first complete steamboat was-luckily, perhaps, for England-not in order till 1807; and lastly, the literary and artistic records of the times. Nothing can exceed the zeal and industry with which these have been gathered and laid before us in these pages. The illustrations are many of them of great rarity, and "committed to faithful eyes," as Horace says, will make an indelible impression, even on minds innocent of historicity. The most celebrated is probably the invasion medal prepared in Paris, and engraved in advance with the words 'Struck in London, 1804." It is artistically a notable piece of work, in which Napoleon's fine head appears to advantage. A good many pictures concern the volunteers who rose so splendidly in their country's support. They are represented as handsome heroes by Gillray, whom we usually associate with hideous caricatures. One great merit of these volumes is that they afford a monument to local patriotism which might otherwise be forgotten. Most of us have heard of Pitt, but few of William Morton Pitt, M.P. for Dorset (1754-1836), a model country gentleman, who published Thoughts on the Defence of these Kingdoms.'

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The caricatures, which offer a very wide field of interest, show a John Bull different from that established during the last forty years. The picture inserted between pp. 108 and 109, vol. i., presents a type of Englishman which is not at all attractive, but more common to-day than the burly farmer who figures as John Bull. The verse of the time, Pye being Laureate, is not distinguished, but some of the local songs are tolerable. The book would afford admirable material, we should think, for a novelist who wished to make himself master of the period and of those little touches which add verisimilitude.

The wonderful show of pictures is, we believe,

due mostly to the collection of Mr. Broadley, and we view this book with satisfaction as publishing such a collection, or, at any rate, making the best of it available in a permanent form. The results of private enterprise in gatherings of books and pictures are so often dissipated that any move in the direction of catalogues or reproductions is to be strongly commended. The writers include an interesting discussion, based on various authorities, as to whether Napoleon really intended to invade England; and we think they show satisfactorily that the preparations at Boulogne were not a mere blind, and cloak for other plans.

Throughout we get a good idea of the competence of George III., whose correspondence is both dignified and apt to the occasion. Side-lights are thrown on the careers of Fox, Pitt, and other notable people. From the historical point of view the two volumes are very readable, and edited with a careful eye to further testimonies of importance, which are duly quoted at the bottom of the page. Folk-lore of the Holy Land, Moslem, Christian, and Jewish. By J. E. Hanauer. (Duckworth & Co.) THIS interesting gathering of popular beliefs is edited by Mr. Marmaduke Pickthall, who tells us in his preface that although the compilation "is but as a pailful from the sea, as compared with the floating mass of folk-lore in Palestine," he knows of no other attempt at collection on anything like so large a scale. All the traditions, and theories as to the meaning of things, gathered in the volume will be useful to the folk-lorist: many because they reveal the mental differences between the Western Asiatic and the Northern European, and several because they are variants of ideas or folk-tales generally current in Great Britain, France, and Germany. At p. 20, for instance, we find a parallel to the conviction that illness may be caused by a frog, or newt, which has been accidentally swallowed. At p. 48 is a variant of the now well-known "Butterfly which stamped"; and at p. 88 we come on an Eastern form of an episode in Hans Andersen's Little Klaus and Big Klaus '-that in which Little Klaus appears with the sea-cattle. In the story of Francesco and Azrael the former takes the part usually given to a blacksmith in European legend, while the Angel of Death fills the rôle of the Devil. It is curious to discover that the story of the woman who was carried away to act as midwife at a pixie lying-in is current in the Holy Land. According to the Eastern version, the woman is given a kohl-vessel that she may anoint the eyes of the baby jân whom she has assisted into the world,.

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and when she had applied it to the little one's eyes she took the bodkin and put some on one of her own," before the vessel was snatched from her. Thus anointed, she had the power of seeing the jân until her eye was poked out in circumstances: similar to those in the story known in different parts of Europe.

A local version of Bluebeard and another of Cinderella are given; while the "Es Sanawinah,' mentioned on p. 106, seem to be near kinsmen of our old acquaintances the wise men of Gotham.

As in Europe, several of the satirical tales are aimed at Churchmen. St. Peter, the gate-keeper of heaven, explains to a good woman on one occasion, "There are hundreds of saints like you, thank God, admitted every day, but only once in a thousand years do we get a Patriarch." In another story a monk tells his abbot that he has been tempted to

roast eggs for himself during a fast by the Father of Evil, who happens to hear the excuse, and cries out indignantly that it is a lie. He does, indeed, spend his days in tempting laymen, "but at night I come to convents as a humble scholar."

Some of the tales are more elevated in tone. The legend of the man who proved that the race of the trustworthy had not died out is a fine version of 'Damon and Pythias.' The beautiful story of Abraham worshipping first a shining star, then the full moon, and afterwards the glorious sun, only to reject them all in turn, "because I love not things that change," is a worthy example of the poetic and religious feeling of the Semitic races.

History of the Society of Jesus in North America,
Colonial and Federal. - Part I. 1605-1838. By
Thomas Hughes, S.J. (Longmans & Co.)

IT is rarely that we have taken up a book with so
little expectation of pleasant reading, or laid it
down with such a sense of keen satisfaction. The
author has endeavoured to trace, in the most cir-
cumstantial manner possible, the whole progress of
the operations of the Society of Jesus in North

America.

did not count for more with them than the rule of duty."

And again :-"There were deeper reasons for such a policy of abstention; but they were not always discernible at the time by men who, being on the spot, were blinded by the dust of the affray. Indeed, this is one of the prudential reasons in sound organization for men placed higher, to see further, and to check the movements below. Beyond the actual issue there was always another practical question-how far and to what extremities your opponents would go-and if they would go any length whither you could not follow them, it were as well not to start out with them."

A policy of silence and abstention from controversy, combined with a system of working in devious channels, is at all times and places likely to foment doubt and suspicion as to the genuineness of aims and intentions; and the Jesuits cannot complain if they have for ages been misunderstood."

Although we gather that the author claims to be addressing the community at large, it is obvious that the book can only be properly appreciated by members of the Roman Catholic Church. For instance, it is not easy to sympathize with the reiterated query, made with reference to the persequent to, the Elizabethan era, "Why all this intolerance?" "Why all this persecution?" Does the reverend author regard as of no account the Marian persecution of the Reformed Faith, the operations of the Holy Office, or Inquisition, the oppression of the Hugenots in France, the iniquities of Alva in the Netherlands, and so on? As Mr. Spurgeon said, every religious sect would persecute others if it could.

Beginning with the period when, in consequence of the odium in which the Roman Catholic religion was held in England, George Calvert, Baron Balti-secution of the Roman Catholics during, and submore, founded the colony of Avalon in Newfoundland, the narrative takes us through the various vicissitudes of that colony, the founding of the later colony of Maryland, and the operations of the Society amongst the settlers and natives. The history of the Society, as told by the author, is virtually that of the colony generally, the religious and secular interests being apparently inextricably intermingled. The quarrels of the Society with Cæcileus, the second Lord Baltimore, and the oppressive measures formulated by that very feudal nobleman, are dealt with in detail in a spirit of moderation and fairness, and supported by a mass of reference to documents absolutely bewildering in their copiousness. A distinct bias in favour of the Society of which the author is a member is natural, but generally we have here a view of the conditions of life and religion in America which cannot fail to arrest attention amongst those who are interested in such matters.

So far as the history of the colonies themselves is concerned we have nothing but praise. However, the lengthy Introduction is full of controversial matter. We find a masterly exposition of the raison d'être of the Society of Jesus and of the high aims which animate its members, principally in the field of missionary work. Evidence is given of the severe tests required to be overcome before a novice was finally received as a member; likewise of the literary and scientific excellence which was insisted upon in all their published literature. But here we come to the crux of the trouble which for centuries has operated between the Jesuits and outsiders, even of their own religious persuasion, viz., the "Policy of Silence," otherwise the abstention from any defence against attack, concerning which we quote the following extract :

"Early in 1631 the order was issued that silence should be kept in this fratricidal war; and the fathers had to keep it. They pleaded with the General for leave to speak out in self-defence; but he was inexorable. Rome desired it so; their profession bound them to acquiesce; and he bade them see to it that the example of the unruly

We may point out a tendency on the part of the author to diffuseness, an inclination at times to abandon the thread of history and wander into the paths of philosophic disquisition, and to introduce extraneous matter, notably the Chalcedon dispute, which has no particular bearing on the subject at issue.

Whilst we do not at all points agree with the arguments and conclusions of the author, we must express our admiration at the erudition displayed, and the dignified language in which the history is couched. It is evident that no care has been considered too great in searching for documents, to make the work of value. The task of weaving the information so obtained into a coherent history has been obviously a labour of love, and we look with pleasure for the next volume.

Notices to Correspondents.

H. A. ST. J. M. ("What we gave we have," &c).— Few subjects have received more attention in N. & Q.: see, for instance, under "Quod expendi habui," 7 S. xii. 506; 8 S. i. 155, 503; ii. 74; v. 75; 9 S. i. 164.

LINDUM ("Punch, the Beverage ").-The origin of punch has been thoroughly discussed in 'N. &. Q.': see 8 S. iii. 166; vi. 64, 150, 192; viii. 248, 394, 510; 9 S. i. 346, 431; ii. 192.

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CORRIGENDUM.-Ante, p. 478, col. 2, 11.7 and 8, the words easternmost" and westernmost should be transposed.

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JOURNAL OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LITERATURE, SCIENCE,
THE FINE ARTS, MUSIC, AND THE DRAMA.

THIS WEEK'S ATHENÆUM contains Articles on
MODERN STUDIES.

BEFORE AND AFTER WATERLOO.

ANCIENT BRITAIN AND THE INVASIONS OF JULIUS CÆSAR.
QUEEN MARY'S BOOK: POEMS AND ESSAYS BY MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS.
A HISTORY OF COMMERCE.

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

THROUGH THE MAGIC DOOR.

THREE BOOKS ON IRELAND.

A WOMAN'S TREK FROM THE CAPE TO CAIRO.
WITH THE BORDER RUFFIANS.
"TEMPLE CLASSICS." THE HIBBERT
JOURNAL. MANDRIN, CAPITAINE GÉNERAL DES CONTREBANDIERS DE
FRANCE. CHOIX DE LIVRES ANCIENS. THE WRITERS' AND ARTISTS'

YEAR-BOOK.

HISTORICAL SOURCES: THEIR NATURE AND USES. HEAD MASTERS' CONFERENCE. LORD HOWE'S SHAKSPEAREANA SALE.

RESEARCH NOTES.

THE ALPINE CLUB JUBILEE EXHIBITION.

THE NATIVITY PLAYS FROM THE CHESTER MYSTERIES.
IRELAND.

THE THEATRE OF

LAST WEEK'S ATHENÆUM contains Articles on

THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
THE WORKS OF R. L. STEVENSON.

THE SCOTS IN SWEDEN.

THE THEORY OF GOOD AND EVIL.
GEORGE ALFRED HENTY.

NEW NOVELS:-Mr. Strudge; A Modern Orson; The Unpardonable Sin; 'Mid Pleasures and Palaces; The Wine of Life; The Lord of Latimer Street; Captain Vavanti's Pursuit; The Northern Iron; The Light Eternal.

VERSE OLD AND NEW.

OUR LIBRARY TABLE:-The Gentlest Art; Leading American Soldiers; Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt; Books in the House; Rambles and Studies in Greece; The Life of the Fields; New Universal Library; Muses' Library; World's Classics; Who's Who; Carlton Classics; The Neolith.

NOTES FROM CAMBRIDGE; THE ADVANCED HISTORICAL TEACHING (LONDON) FUND; SALES.

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SCIENCE:-Lord Kelvin; Societies; Meetings Next Week; Gossip.

FINE ARTS:-Mr. Day on Enamelling; Winter Exhibition at Messrs. Tooth's; The Royal Academy Prizes; Sale; Gossip.

MUSIC:-Beethoven Discoveries; Gossip; Performances Next Week.

DRAMA;-The Tenth of August; Peter Pan.

NEXT WEEK'S ATHENÆUM will contain Reviews of

FATHER AND SON.

AND

DYOTT'S DIARY.

The ATHENEUM, every SATURDAY, price THREEPENCE, of
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS,

Athenæum Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. And of all Newsagents.

"The Gardeners' Chronicle has faithfully held to its promises. It is still, to-day, the best gardening journal, being indispensable equally to the practical gardener and the man of science, because each finds in it something useful. We wish the journal still further success."—Garten Flora, Berlin, Jan. 15.

"The Gardeners' Chronicle is the leading horticultural journal of the world, and an historical publication. It has always excited our respectful admiration. A country is honoured by the possession of such a publication, and the greatest honour we can aspire to is to furnish our own country with a journal as admirably conducted.”—La Semaine Horticole, Feb. 13, 1897.

"The Gardeners' Chronicle is the most important horticultural journal in the world, and the most generally acknowledged authority.”—Le Moniteur d'Horticulture, Sept., 1898.

The Oldest Horticultural Newspaper.

THE

3d. GARDENERS'

WEEKLY.

Postage

મૃત.

CHRONICLE.

(The Times' of Horticulture.).

15s.

YEARLY.

Post

free.

FOR SIXTY YEARS THE LEADING JOURNAL.

Its Contributors comprise the most

Experienced British Gardeners,

and many of the most

Eminent Men of Science

at Home and Abroad.

IT HAS AN INTERNATIONAL REPUTATION FOR ITS ILLUSTRATIONS

OF PLANTS.

Specimen Copy post free on application to the Publisher,

H. G. COVE, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London.

Telegraphic Address-GARDCHRON, LONDON.

Telephone No. 1543 GERRARD.

May be ordered of all Booksellers and Newsagents, and at the Railway Bookstalls.

Published Weekly by JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Bream's Buildings. Chancery Lane, E.C.; and Printed by J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Athenæum Press, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.-Saturday, December 28, 1907.

INDEX.

TENTH SERIES.-VOL. VIII.

[For classified articles, see ANONYMOUS WORKS, BIBLIOGRAPHY, BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED, EPITAPHS, FOLK-LORE, HERALDRY, OBITUARIES, PROVERBS AND PHRASES, QUOTATIONS, SHAKESPEARIANA, SONGS AND BALLADS, and TAVERN SIGNS.]

A. (A. A.) on French-Canadian literature, 29

A. (A. E.) on Shakespeariana, 164

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Shelley's Sensitive Plant,' 231

A. (J.) on Provand's Lordship, Glasgow, 406
Abbacyrus: Aboukir: Passera, their connexion, 447
Abbey Abbaye, a Swiss club, 148, 257, 352
Aboukir Abbacyrus: Passera, their connexion, 447
Abrahams (A.) on "Amicus" of 'Morning Herald,' 231
Crosby Hall, 111, 256, 376
Cruikshank (George), 187
"Ebn Osn," 316

Fleet Street, No. 7, 248, 411

Fleet Street, No. 59, 441

Grave (Robert), printseller, 28
Hackney celebrities, 158

Haymarket, Westminster, 94

Houses of historical interest, 114

"Lombard Street to a China orange," 136

London remains, 226, 476

Minor Inns of Court, 428

Napoleon's carriage, 135

'North London Ferret,' 109

Old Bailey Sessions House, 146

Payne at the Mews Gate, 55

'Political House that Jack Built, 485, 516
Quadrant Colonnade, 66

Regent's Canal, 4

St. Chad's Well, Battle Bridge, 46

St. George's, Hanover Square: shot-marks, 455 Skittle Alley in Orange Street, 364

"Sol's Arms," 49

Stowe House, 6

Ackerley (F. G.) on elder-bush folk-lore, 213

Pre-Reformation parsonages, 109 Racial problem of Europe, 145 Wet summer: curious relic, 248 Adolphus (A. E.) on Chauceriana, 202, 514 Addison (J.) on Eleventh Commandment, 478

Sword of Bruce, 371

Addy (S. O.) on "Cabollicking "=gossiping, 147 Sheep fair on an ancient earthwork, 250

Aeronautics, early, 170, 311

Affirmation and dissent, signs of, 205

Alphabetical skit, French, 1818, 485
Amaranth and Amintas legend, 150
America, Boulton & Watt in, 1786, 326

American magazine conducted by factory workers, 354, 515

"Amicus" of Morning Herald,' his identity, 231
Ancaster, earliest extant form of the name, 130
Anderson (J. L.) on men of family as parish clerks, 516
Anderson (J. S.) on Anderson family, 387
Anderson family, 387, 477

Anfractuosity, use of the word, 1596, 467

Angoulême (Duchesse d'), c, 1793, books on, 388, 457
Ann and Agnes, interchangeability of the names, 507
Anne (Queen), Francis Bird's statue, 271
Anne of Bohemia and side-saddles, 168
Anonymous Works:-

Book for Many Wives, 10
Duke of Mantua, 370
Failures of Civilization, 288

Ignes Fatui; or, False Lights, 408
Jack Tench, 170

Jack Trim, the Lawyer's Man, 368

Memoirs of a Young Lady of Quality, 450
Poor Caitiff, 49

Reflexions on Dr. Gilbert Burnet's Travels, 449

Shotover Papers, 409

Sketches of the West Indies, 231

Three Letters concerning Italy, 449

Valley of a Hundred Fires, 149, 253, 313

Anscombe (A.) on Ancaster, 130

Chiltern Hundreds, 218

Antelope as crest, its origin, 229

Antelope-stalking in Mongolia, red rag in, 205
Anthropology, European, 145, 218, 233, 274, 394
Antwerp (W. C. Van) on St. Paul's Churchyard, 168
Amintas and Amaranth legend, 150

Ap Rhys on Court Leet: Manor Court, 413
Apperson (G. L.) on "As deep as Garrick," 377
London remains, 476

Rood-lofts, 154

Apple: Cox's Orange Pippins, 33; Sops in Wine, 249, 313; their old names, 429

Arabia, Hail or Hâyil in, 169

Agnes and Ann, interchangeability of the names, 507 Arbuthnot family, 449

Aguilar (Grace) and Hackney, 86, 158

Ainsworth (Harrison) and Thames Darrell, 189

Alavoine family tomb at Tottenham, 247, 355

Alexander the Great, story of his wry neck, 369, 436

Allegro on life in Bombay, 508

Allen: Gregory: Hampden families, 249

Allen (William) and Plaistow, 1795, 189, 253

Almanacs, English literary, 347

Arithmetic, "practice" a rule of, c. 1670, 67, 112
Arkle (A. H.) on cemetery consecration, 93
Moral courage, 296

Motto: "In God is all," 353

Nonjurors: Rev. Benjamin Way, 297
Pie tart, 494

Armorel as a Christian name, 369
Arms. See Heraldry.

Almshouses in Kingsland Road, coming changes, 426 Army, nicknames of regiments, 257

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