ings other than dwellings, and other property of various kinds.

§731. Burglary in the first degree, is the breaking into and entering a dwelling, in the night time, with intent to commit some felony. The same act, when perpetrated in the day time, or under such circumstances as shall not constitute burglary of the first degree, is burglary in the second or third degree.

§732. Forgery consists in falsely making, counterfeiting, or altering any instrument of writing, with intent to defraud or wrong any person. Counterfeiting is a term used to signify the forging of false coins, or false bank bills, or the fraudulent altering of true ones. This crime consists, not only in the actual making or passing of such false coins or bills, but also in having in possession any engraved plate, or bills unsigned, which are intended to be used for such purposes.

§ 733. Robbery is the taking of property from one's person by violence, or threats of violence, and by putting the person in fear of his life, or grievous injury.

§ 734. Larceny is the term used to signify theft of all sorts. If the amount of property taken exceed twenty-five dollars, the crime is called grand larceny; if the amount be twenty-five dollars or under, it is adjudged to be petu larceny. The former is punishable by imprisonment in a state prison for a term of years; the latter, by fine, or imprisonment in a county jail, or both; and if it be a second offence of the same person, it is punishable in the same manner as grand larceny.

§ 735. Embezzling is the converting, by any person, to his own use, of property intrusted to him by another, and is punishable in the same manner as stealing property of like value.

§ 736. Perjury is wilfully swearing or affirming falsely to any material matter, upon any oath, legally administered. Subornation of perjury is the procuring of another to swear

tutes arson in the second degree? Third and fourth degrees? § 731. What constitutes burglary in the several degrees? §732. In what does forgery consist? What is counterfeiting? § 733. What is robbery? $734. What is larceny? What constitutes grand, and what petit larceny? How are they punishable? § 735. What is embezzling ?

falsely, and is punishable in the same manner, and to the same extent, as perjury.

§ 737. Bribery is offering to any person in the administration of justice, any reward to influence his vote, opinion, or judgment on any question; and is punishable by imprisonment in a state prison, or fine, or by both. Any person accepting such bribe, shall be punished in like manner, and shall forfeit his office, and be forever disqualified from holding any public trust or appointment.

738. Dueling is the fighting with a deadly weapon, in single combat with another. Any person killing another in a duel, is subject to the punishment of death. If death does not ensue, the offence is punishable by imprisonment in a state prison. Challenging, or accepting a challenge to fight, or to be present as a second, is punishable also by imprisonment in a state prison.

§739. Offences punishable by Imprisonment in a County Jail and by Fines. Among these are the following: Petit larceny; attempting to extort, by threats, any property or pecuniary benefit; fraudulent conveying or concealing property to defraud creditors; conspiracies by two or more persons with intent to commit an offence; imprisoning or arresting another without legal authority, or under a false pretence; receiving a reward to conceal a misdemeanor ; voting more than once at an election; maliciously killing or wounding animals that belong to another, or cruelly beating animals, whether his own or those of another; wilfully opening or reading sealed letters addressed to another, except in cases punishable by the laws of the United States; removing or defacing any monument, mile. stone, or guide board. These, besides many other offences not here enumerated, are punishable by fine or imprisonment in the county jail, or by both. And any person having been convicted of petit larceny, or an attempt to commit an offence, which, if perpetrated, would be punishable by imprisonment in a state prison, shall, for a second offence, be imprisoned in such prison.

§736. What is perjury? What is subornation of perjury? § 737. Define bribery. What is the penalty? § 738. What is dueling? How punishable? § 739 What offences are punishable by imprison.

§ 740. Those offences defined in this chapter whose pun. ishment has not been stated, are punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for a term of years, varying in length according to the aggravation of the crime: excepting the offences enumerated in section 729; some of which may be punished by imprisonment either in the state or county prison, or by fine.

ment in the county jail and by fines? § 740. What punishment is annexed to the crimes herein defined, whose penalties have not been mentioned ?

PART FOURTH.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

CHAPTER I.

Definition of the Term.-Utility of the Science.

of

§741. POLITICAL ECONOMY is the science which treats of the nature and causes of wealth. The word economy is from two Greek words signifying house and law; and means the law of the house, or household. Hence, the economy a person means the regulation and government of his fam. ily, or the concerns of his household. In this sense of the term, a man's economy may be said to be either good or bad. But it is commonly used in a more restricted sense, signify. ing frugality, or a prudent management of household affairs.

742. In speaking of the regulation of the affairs of a state or nation, we use the term public economy, or more frequently political economy. As economy has in view the acquisition of wealth, or property, the term political econ. omy is used to designate the science which teaches the manner in which the prosperity of the members of a body politic is promoted; or how the public wealth is produced, distrib. uted, and consumed.

§743. The utility of a knowledge of this science has not hitherto been duly appreciated. Nothing needs to be said to convince any one of the importance of domestic or private economy. All mankind, moved by self-interest, are ever seeking ways and means of increasing their wealth. Hence we see men assiduously pursuing their own private interests,

EXERCISES.§ 741. What is political economy? Give the origin and meaning of the word economy.742. Why is the word political nere prefixed to economy? § 743. What degree of attention has this

apparently insensible of the connexion of their own prosper. ity with that of the community, or of its being in any degree attributable to the policy of the government under which they live. They do not seem to be aware that to promote the public welfare is the grand object of civil government.

§ 744. There are those, however, who admit the utility of the science of political economy to persons charged with the administration of public affairs, who do not regard it as a very essential branch of a common education. In a mon.

archy, where the great body of the people have no agency or influence in the administration, a knowledge of this science is doubtless of less importance to them, than in a free gov. ernment, where all men, whose interests are affected by the operation of the laws, possess, primarily, equal power in the government. Young men, who are now pursuing their stu. dies in schools, will in a few years be elevated to high public stations; and in a country where the road to public office is open to all classes, an intimate acquaintance with the principles of political economy, must be of the highest importance.

$ 745. In a free government, the people have in their own hands the right of correcting the evils which result from unwise laws. But if they do not understand the cause of their distress, or if they do not agree in tracing the public suffering to its true 'cause, relief cannot be administered. Moreover, without a knowledge of political economy, a people might ignorantly oppose measures best adapted to promote the public prosperity.

§ 746. The inattention to this science which has so long prevailed, may be attributed, in part, to the common opinion that its principles are too abstruse to be brought within the comprehension of the great mass of the people, especially of the young. The fact, however, is otherwise. Few sciences are more simple. The youth of fifteen, though he may not be an adept in the science, nor possess the knowledge of an experienced legislator, is nevertheless capable of

science received? § 744, 745. Why is a knowledge of political econ. omy more useful in a free, than in an arbitrary government? What would ultimately be the consequence of general ignorance among the people of this country? § 746. What is one of the probable causes of