represented." 1 The report of the second conference, a volume of some four hundred pages, is a veritable encyclopedia of information on all phases of Pan-American relations, and should be in the hands of every business man who is, or might become, interested in South American trade.

In concluding this enumeration of the important conferences held for the purpose of drawing the two Americas more closely together, mention must be made of the two Pan-American scientific congresses, the first held in Santiago, Chile, in December and January, 1907-08, and the second held in Washington at the same season eight years later. The primary aim and purpose of these congresses was "to increase the knowledge of things American and to disseminate and make the culture of each American country the heritage of all American republics." At the Washington congress all of the twenty-one republics of the western hemisphere were represented officially, and virtually all of the leading scientific associations and educational institutions of these republics sent representatives. In all, more than two hundred delegates were in attendance from the Latin-American countries and more than a thousand from the United States, making it one of the greatest international scientific meetings in the world's history. Some idea of the vast scope of the program may be realized by an enumeration of the nine general subjects discussed, to each of which was allotted a section, these being further divided into forty-five subsections: (1) anthropology, including archæology and ethnology; (2) astronomy, meteorology, and seismology; (3) conservation of natural resources, agriculture, irrigation, and forestry; (4) education; (5) engineering; (6) international law, public law, and jurisprudence; (7) mining, metallurgy, economic geology, and applied chemistry; (8) public health and medical science; (9) transportation, commerce, finance, and taxation. 'Report of Second Pan-Amer. Com. Conf. (Wash., 1919), p. 4.

The Proceedings, including the Final Act, comprise twelve large volumes which have been published by the United States Government Printing Office.

These conferences and congresses have exerted a most potent influence in spreading the idea of a new Pan-Americanism, whose strength shall rest upon the solid foundation of mutual appreciation and understanding. After all, however, their influence must be confined in large measure to the intelligentsia of the two continents. There remains the even more important task of popularizing this spirit. This can be done only by a campaign of education which shall make the citizens of the two continents of the western hemisphere as familiar with each other's history and achievements as they are with the history and institutions of the countries of Europe and Asia. The schools must give a larger place to Latin America in their curricula, not merely in the teaching of its languages and geography, but also in the teaching of its history, literature, and political science. Increased attention to the study of foreign policy and diplomacy is especially needed in the institutions of higher learning in the United States. The Monroe Doctrine has too long been regarded as a sort of holy of holies in all questions of American foreign policy, perhaps most of all by the people who have the most hazy conceptions of what the doctrine really means. Exchange professorships and scholarships afford a most excellent means of developing a just and accurate perception of mutual values and points of view, and should be given every encouragement. The University of Chile has taken the lead in this matter and has arranged exchanges of professors with the University of Washington and the University of California.1

The press can play quite as important a part as the schools and colleges. The opportunities are vast and the possibilities limitless. In this connection full credit must be given to the great South American papers, such as La 1S. G. Inman, Problems in Pan-Americanism (N. Y., 1921), p. 393.

Prensa and La Nación of Buenos Aires, El Mercurio of Chile, O Journal do Commercio of Brazil, and numerous others, which for some time have maintained special correspondents and representatives in the United States, and since January, 1919, have become members of the Associated Press. Far too little attention has been given in the columns of the daily press of the United States to important events in the countries of Latin America; while, on the other hand, the great dailies of South America have shown their resentment by adopting in many cases an antagonistic and unfriendly tone in discussing items of news from the United States. Now that great journals in the United States like the New York Times, New York Herald, New York Sun, Philadelphia Public Ledger, and others, have opened special sections for the presentation of news and feature articles on the republics of Latin America, a great improvement may be looked for. It may also be hoped that some American newspaper will soon establish a South American edition, just as La Prensa has already established a United States edition with so much success in New York. For, as Señor Collao, publisher of the New York edition of La Prensa, has declared: "The daily paper is the most able resource that both the government and people can find to express their purposes and needs, and as a promoter of more friendly relations by the abolition of misunderstanding, ignorance, and prejudice.” 1

Some mention should also be made of the periodicals devoted to Pan-American affairs. There are several very excellent ones. In addition to the Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, which has already been mentioned, special note should be made of Inter-America, a publication issued alternately, one month in Spanish and made up of diversified articles translated from the periodical literature of the

"Latin America in the Press of the United States," in Report of Second Pan-Amer. Com. Conf. (Wash., 1919), p. 355.

United States, and the next month in English and composed of similar articles translated from the periodical literature of the American countries of Spanish or Portuguese speech. This magazine was established at the instance of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The South American is a well illustrated monthly journal having the avowed object of disseminating a broader knowledge of all American countries, peoples, and affairs, and of promoting greater amity and confidence between the inhabitants of the United States and Latin-American countries. A Spanish magazine is issued by the same publishers under the name of El Norte Americano, with the same purpose in view. The World's Work also publishes a Spanish-American edition in abbreviated form under the title, Revista del Mundo. The Pan-American Magazine is another illustrated monthly, ably edited, with articles of appeal to all interested in Pan-American affairs. A well edited trade journal devoted to the improvement of the commercial relations between the United States and Latin America is the Grace Log, published by and in the interests of W. R. Grace & Company.

In conclusion, one further way of bringing about mutual sympathetic understanding between the two Americas may be suggested, namely, increased travel for pleasure and sight-seeing by the people of the Americas in the countries of their neighbors. Let the phrase, "See America First" be changed to "See the Americas First." No better means of increasing transportation facilities can be imagined than a passenger-carrying trade that demands it. Both continents contain natural scenic wonders in profusion, and no traveler in a foreign land returns without a better understanding and appreciation of the customs, life, and aspirations of the peoples with whom he has come into personal contact.

By thus utilizing every avenue to a better understanding, the republics of North and South America can be made to

acquire that mutual respect which is the indispensable foundation of friendship, and will thereby approach a unity of purpose and an effectiveness of coöperation that will translate into a living reality the ideal of the new PanAmericanism. The great differences in race, religion, temperament, and manner will be bridged by sympathetic friendliness; unjust suspicions of ulterior motives can be explained away. The World War, which has brought the two continents into a closer financial and commercial relation, has united them far more vitally in the struggle for democratic ideals. The United States has proved that she regards the rights of humanity of infinitely more consequence than the rights of property; the republics of Latin America have shown their appreciation of this spirit and have not stood aloof. The time has at last arrived when the republics of the western hemisphere can coöperate effectively on the basis of the principles laid down almost a century ago by John Quincy Adams-"disinterestedness, cordial good will, and fair and equal reciprocity." But they have come to realize that such coöperation can achieve lasting results only when functioning in the spirit of the precepts enunciated by Elihu Root-"with sympathy and understanding, with kindly consideration and honorable obligation."

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS

J. B. Moore, Principles of American Diplomacy (N. Y., 1918), Chap. VIII. J. H. Latané, The United States and Latin America (N. Y., 1920), Chap. X.

S. G. Inman, Problems in Pan-Americanism (N. Y., 1921), Chaps. III, VI, IX, X.

J. B. Lockey, Pan-Americanism: Its Beginnings (N. Y., 1920), Chap. I. Elihu Root, The United States and Latin America (Cambridge, 1917). Rafael Reyes, The Two Americas (N. Y., 1914).

G. H. Blakeslee [ed.], Latin America (N. Y., 1914), pp. 216-234.

L. S. Rowe, "Bringing the Americas Together," Proc. of Acad. of Pol. Sci., Vol. VII, p. 464 (July, 1917).

R. S. Naon, "European War and Pan-Americanism," Col. Univ. Quar., Vol. XXI, p. 85 (Apr., 1919).