Ages. Mr. Whibley, writing on "Two Thieves," contrasts Jack Sheppard with Cartouche, and Mr. A. Clerk has an interesting and ingenious article "In Praise of Convention."

IN

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

N another department we have quoted copiously from several of the more important articles.

DEBATERS FROM THE REPORTERS' POINT OF VIEW.

Mr. MacDonagh, in a paper entitled "A Night in the Reporters' Gallery," gives some interestin; particulars as to how various Parliamentarians are estimated from the reporters' point of view:

"Statesmen like Bright, Disraeli and Gladstone-to mention three who were masters of different styles of the fine art of oratory-always spoke slowly, deliberately and impressively, and the average reporter never had any difficulty in taking them.

"Of all our leading Parliamentarians Mr. Chamberlain is the easiest to report. His average rate of speaking is 140 words a minute, and, besides, he possesses, in the highest degree perhaps, the qualities of lucidity of thought and distinctness of utterance.

"Now that Lord Randolph Churchill has passed away, Mr. Balfour is, after Sir R. Webster and Mr. Matthews, probably the most difficult speaker on the front Opposition bench. He is generally easy to take when he makes an important speech, but latterly in discussions in committee he has developed a very rapid style of speaking. A change for the worse, in the reportorial sense, has also come over Sir William Harcourt.

"Of the men in the front rank Mr. Asquith is the most difficult to report. He is clear and distinct in utterance, but he is excessively rapid. A reporter following him on a verbatim note' has very little breathing time. He never pauses in the course of a speech. His clear-cut sentences-long, rotund and full-bodied-come flowing uninterruptedly from his lips at a steady pitiless rate of between 160 and 176 words per minute."

COMPULSORY CONCILIATION.

The Duke of Devonshire writes a prefatory note to an article by Mr. Bernard Holland upon the "Legal Disabilities of British Trades Unions." At present they cannot enter into a binding contract with their employers. The Duke strongly urged before the Royal Commission that this disability should be removed, and Mr. Holland supports this plea by quoting the action which has been taken in South Australia in the same direction. It seems that some such legalization of trades unions is indispensable before anything can be done in the way of industrial arbitration by the state:

"The principal disputes on which such tribunals would be called upon to decide are disputes, not between individual employers and their workmen, but between organized bodies of each. These organizations have, however, no legal corporate existence, and they are expressly prohibited by the law from entering into contracts binding their members. The real parties to the dispute would, therefore, come before the court with no recognized legal position, and with no power to enter into a contract, legally binding on their members, either to accept or to abide by the award. Such a position of the principal parties, between whom they would have to arbitrate, would seem seriously to impair the author ty of the courts themselves, and it is doubtful whether their establishment would constitute any considerable advance on the system of voluntary boards now in existence."

In South Australia the new law not only legalizes

trades unions, as the Duke proposes, but gives power "to the governor of the colony, acting upon the recommendation of the president of the state board, to refer to 'compulsory conciliation' any dispute which should arise between two registered organizations."

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. Kebbel discourses commonplaces concerning the good sense of the English people; the Hon. Emily Lawless tells a gorgeous story of an Irish saint who built the round towers, and who seems as a wonder-worker to have thrown Madame Blavatsky and all the Mahatmas into the shade; the Earl of Airlie writes on "Officers' Expenses in the Cavalry;" Mr. Adams contributes an article on the Chinese drama, and the Rev. Canon Teignmouth Shore replies to Mr. Carter on the question, "What is Church Authority?"

The first place in the review is devoted to a paper by a writer whose cheery optimism and robust faith in the progress of the world are refreshing. It is not often that we meet writers of articles in modern reviews who make such an uncompromising assertion as this: "The whole history of the human race is a record of constant though varying advance. The world is working toward an end of self-realization; to this all is tending. Every revolution, every reformation, every change is a necessary step to this end. It is our destiny that impels us. The world to-day has reached a position never hitherto attained. Our standards and conceptions of morality are higher and truer, and our methods surer."

NEW ZEALAND AS A PLAYGROUND.

Mr. W. C. Macgregor has a very pleasant and brightlywritten article on New Zealand, which, he declares, is an ideal playground for the British Empire. Nor is it the Empire alone which will benefit by this wonderful land of the Antipodes: "The essentials of an ideal playground for grown-up children of Anglo Saxon parentage would appear to be four in number: 1, It must be blessed with what is known as a 'healthy' climate; 2, its scenery must be picturesque; 3, it must provide within its boundaries outdoor sports both British and novel; and, 4, it must possess special attraction for the curious and the dilettante All those conditions New Zealand fulfills in a marked degree. Here in this little colony we have at once the chosen home of the invalid, the joy of the searcher after the beautiful in nature, the happy huntingground of the sportsman, and the haunt of the naturalist and the ethnologist."

Mr. J. F. Hewitt has an article on the "History of the Arabian Nights." After going on for several pages, massing together proofs of what he contends lies behind the stories of the "Arabian Nights," he says: "I hope I have shown by these proofs, which might be multiplied many times over, that the Arabian Nights' is not only a living picture of Eastern Mohammedam life, but a storehouse of the unwritten archives of primæval history derived from the tribal traditions and customs of northern and southern nations."

THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW.

O article in this number of the Fortnightly calls

N° for special attention.

THE CRISIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND.

The Rev. W. Greswell describes the present lamentable condition of England's oldest colony. Of the two alternatives before Newfoundland-annexation to Canada or reconstruction as a Crown colony-Mr. Greswell shows an undisguised preference for the latter. "Strategically there is no place on the face of the globe that boasts such a commanding position as Newfoundland, lying, as it does, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and holding the gateway to Canada and the West; and there is no place in the whole of our colonial dominions where we could less afford to lose influence and power. But we might lay the greatest stress first and foremost upon the opportunities we possess in gaining there a few recruits for our navy. We possess in Newfoundland a seafaring population no whit inferior to the best material that goes to man the French war ships; there is a fleet of 1,800 vessels in Newfoundland, giving occupation to 30,000 ablebodied seamen."

WHY THE FRENCH PRESIDENT FELL.

The first place in the magazine is devoted to an article (translated) by Augustin Filon, entitled "Presidents and Politics in France." M. Filon is evidently a warm partisan of M. Casimir-Périer. The message announcing his resignation he declares was one of the most serious, most conclusive, and most heart-stirring of historical documents. The gist of his paper is that the French ministry practically ignored the President :

"Many of the deputies, whose votes had raised him to the President's chair, voted for the admission of GéraultRichard, who had insulted him. The Minister of Foreign Affairs is said to have met his request for certain pieces of diplomatic intelligence with a refusal or an evasion. The Minister of Finance deposited a budget scheme on the table of the Chamber in M. Casimir-Périer's name when this scheme had not yet been submitted to M.

Casimir Périer. Finally-and here the Ministry of the Interior is in question—a list of decorations and a change of prefects appeared in the papers before either had been communicated to the President, or submitted for his approval. If all these facts are true-and, unfortunately, the matter hardly admits of doubt-if MM. Dupuy, Poincaré, and Hanotaux were really and of deliberate purpose guilty of such unconstitutional tricks, they have violated both the letter and spirit of the law, and they have failed to show decent respect to the man for whom they ought to have secured the respect of all. Up to a point they have been accomplices of the anonymous correspondents who sent threatening letters to M. Périer's daughter. It is they who are the traitors and deserters. They placed this man in the midst of a murderous faction; they gave him a forlorn hope to defend and not a cartridge to defend it with; and then they shot him in the back."

HOW NATURAL SELECTION HOLDS THE FIELD.

Mr. A. R. Wallace finishes his papers on the "Method of Organic Evolution" by declaring that natural selection holds the field: "I have now, I think, shown that the two most recent efforts to establish new methods of organic evolution, as either complete or partial substitutes for natural selection—that is, for the survival of the fittest among the individual variations annually produced-have completely failed to establish themselves as having any relation to the actual facts of nature. Mr. Bateson's discontinuous variations were long ago rejected by Darwin as having no important part in the formation of new species, while recent and ever-growing proofs of the generality and the magnitude of individual variability render these larger and rarer kinds of variation of even less importance than in his time. Mr. Galton's theory of organic stability, which is essential to the success of discontinuous variations, has been shown to be founded upon a comparison of things of a totally dissimilar nature, and, further, to be absolutely unintelligible and powerless unless in strict subordination to natural selection."

A paper upon Spain by M. Réné Bazin relates a trip to the northern province of Spain, and describes a review of the Infant Battalion, got together to please the little King, composed of boys between the ages of ten and fifteen, with a little girl of twelve, Constantia Serfo, for their cantinière. This troop is armed with sm 11 Mauser guns, and is accurately drilled. It contains four hundred soldiers, reckoning officers, corporals, and troops of the line, and the children are drawn from families of every rank. From St. Sebastian, M. Bazin went to the country of Ignatius Loyola, and also visited a splendid college named Densto, which may be termed "a free university," from which the students go up to Salamanca for their degrees. Here he met the "novel-writing Jesuit," Father Colonna, whose literary fame had already been spread in France by M. Marcel Prévost.

THE REIGN OF MONEY.

In the Revue for February 15 M. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu devotes his fourth article on "The Reign of Money" to

the great financial companies, considered in their relation to the state and to Collectivist theories. He thinks that, so far from preparing the way for any form of socialism, "their rôle is really to defend us against a selfish oligarchy of plutocrats, or a coarse democratic collectivity." Without these companies, built up by innumerable private shareholders, he believes that France would be practically enslaved on the one side or the other. The author also discusses the financial temptations of public men, the difficulty of metropolitan life to provincial deputies, the scandals of the Italian banks and the career of Cornelius Herz. He concludes in favor of private enterprise as opposed to state control.

THE FALL OF NAPOLEON III.

In his third article on "The End of the Second Empire," M. Etienne Lamy describes September 3, 1870, the day on which the Emperor telegraphed, "The army is defeated and taken captive, and I am a prisoner." It was then that for a short space the Imperial counsellors thought that the Empire might still be con inued in a Regency; they were soon undeceived. Of troops but a small number re mained in Paris, of regulars not more than four or five thousand. "The Municipal Guard and the police were

more numerous, but in the evening, when at seven o'clock the population heard the news of Sedan, it fell like water on an empty boiler, and an explosion was the result. In an instant the streets were filled by the mob and the chance of the republicans had come. The Chamber of Deputies sat till one in the morning, uselessly trying to come to some decision. M. Jules Favre proposed the deposition of the Imperial power. He was heard in lugubrious silence. The next day, September 4, was a Sunday; it was then that the mob invaded the parliament, and that the Empress left the Tuileries, accompanied by one lady, her reader, and MM. Metternich and Nigra, both foreigners. She passed down the galleries of the Louvre to the Place St. Germain l'Auxerrois. The two women mounted a hired vehicle, carrying with them the flag which had floated from the dome of the Tuileries during the Imperial residence. The Empire disappeared noiselessly, leaving no trace behind."

THE CULTURE OF POLITENESS.

M. Brunetière, of the French Academy, contributes an article on "Education and Instruction," in which he makes remarks worth quoting, to the effect that the first interest of the French community being to endure and to continue on the same lines, the treatment of the young must be to a certain extent subordinate to this general theory and not wholly based on the individual development of the boy and girl. French politeness, for instance, is an integral attribute of France as we have always known her, and has partly molded her literary expressions, and contributed to the wide diffusion of her language. "Thus the well-bred man is he who controls himself in the interest of others. The idea of a certain amount of constraint is still at the base of Continental education. . . . To breed up or train a child is to habituate it to repress such of its movements, to restrain such of its moods, to keep to itself such of its sentiments as might annoy or alarm others. The general interest, which in the sphere of manners is the interest of the 'world,' is therefore recognized as superior to that of the individual, and as sufficiently important to require each of us to subordinate, to submit, to bend his own nature, and so we come to the formula of individual constraint in favor of a social gain. . .

THE REVUE DE PARIS.

ERHAPS the most interesting contribution in the two February numbers of our French contemporary is that sent by Monsignor Boéglin, the French prelate who, in his character of editor of the papal Roman Monitor, was lately expelled by Signor Crispi from Italy. The article, which deals with the future Conclave, is written in an extremely liberal spirit, and may be said to be an unofficial special pleading in favor of Leo XIII and his recent encyclicals. The writer is evidently animated with strong personal devotion to the Pope. "God," he observes, "has gifted him with all the talents that go to make a legislator; he is largely and fully cultured, has always been on the side of right, possesses an incorruptible conscience, and has a subtle intuition of all that is going on in modern life." He adds that latter-day Rome is nothing if not cosmopolitan, and declares that this is almost entirely owing to the present ruler of the Vatican. Proceeding to give but a few instances, he points out that Anderledy, the late General of the Jesuits, was Swiss by nationality, while his successor, Father Martin, who was the Papal candidate, was a Spaniard; the head of the Capuchin order comes from Mount Gothard; the General of the Dominicans, Fruhwirth, is an Austrian, and so on.

Monsignor Boéglin says positively that had Cardinal Lavigerie lived long enough he would undoubtedly have become Leo XIII's successor; he seems to think that now Cardinal Gibbons has an extremely good chance, especially if the future Conclave is held anywhere but at Rome. In Italy local traditions are strong, and a foreign Cardinal has but a small chance of being elected Pope. Yet very soon the Sacred College will have a representative of every nationality in the world within its fold, "and when this occurs," concludes the French prelate triumphantly, "all small and wretched intrigues will come to nothing."

AMERICA VERSUS EUROPE.

America and American institutions have always had a fascination for the French. The Marquis de Laubat, in a few shrewdly written pages, deals with the labor problems of America, and seems to note with satisfaction that as in the Old, so in the New World, economical and political crises are by no means unknown. But he believes that America will probably find it more easy to cope with future difficulties than will the governments of Europe, and he gives the following reasons: Firstly, he observed that the cost of living, whatever may have been said to the contrary, is no greater in the States for the working classes than on this side of the Atlantic, and that, on the other hand, there the salaries are undoubtedly larger; secondly, the American citizen has not ever before his eyes the spectre of past revolutions and wars. The "Budget of Destruction," for so the Marquis styles all military and naval estimates, is in America absurdly small; in Europe it is eating the citizen of each country out of house and home; America's standing army consists of thirty thousand men; that collectively produced by Europe is three millions and a half. Unlike most recent visitors to the States, the Marquis considers that in America is now found the maximum of individual freedom and liberty. He noticed that in an American town each citizen is free to knock another about if he chooses, that the tramways are crowded to suffocation, that the railway stations are guardless, and that every man shifts for himself in the land of Freedom.

LETTERS FROM MAZZINI.

Mazzini's "Letters to Thomas Emery" will be found of considerable interest, for they were written during a critical period of his life in the five years, 1838 to 1843, which he spent in London. Notwithstanding his English pseudonym, Thomas Emery was no other than Luigi Amadeo Malegari, a friend of Garibaldi, Albera and the whole of the Italian patriot group, but who remained all through the movement, and until the end of his life, ardently Catholic, a fact which says much both for his own and Mazzini's tolerance and broad-mindedness. curious to note that the exile, in his letters to his friend, says little or nothing of the world in which he was then living; he speaks with bitterness of the English press, for during these years Mazzini earned a precarious livelihood by "pot boiling" for London reviews and papers, instead of writing only on those subjects dear to his heart. The letters were addressed from York Buildings, King's road, Chelsea.

It is

Very different from the first burning epistles, but, as before, of extreme value from many points of view, is another installment of Balzac's letters to Madame Hanska. In one of them he tells her incidentally that he has just completed "Le Père Goriot" in twenty-five days, in order that he may be with her somewhat sooner than he otherwise could be.

SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS AND HISTORY. The Armenian Crisis in Turkey. By Frederick Davis Greene, M. A. With Introduction by Rev. Josiah Strong, D.D. Octavo, pp. 174. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. (Paper edition, 60 cents.)

The REVIEW OF REVIEWS for January contained an article on the Armenian crisis which at once aroused a widespread interest in the subject. The writer of that article, it is now permissible to state, was Mr. Frederick D. Greene, who was born in Turkey and served nearly four years as a missionary of the American Board in Van, the centre of Armenia. Mr. Greene has since prepared a comprehensive volume on the subject of the massacre of 1894, its antecedents and significance. He reproduces the authenticated narratives of witnesses who, as he truly states, can have no possible motive for misrepresenting the facts, while, on the other hand, each writer subjected himself to personal danger by making such statements. Taken all in all, Mr. Greene's book forms the most conclusive summing-up of the case against Turkey that has yet appeared. It cannot fail to profoundly influence public opinion in both hemispheres.

Popular Control of the Liquor Traffic. By E. R. L. Gould. 12mo, pp. 102. Baltimore: Published by the Author.

Dr. Gould is known as perhaps the leading advocate in this country of the so-called Gothenburg, or Scandinavian, system of controlling the liquor traffic. His articles in the reviews and magazines, as well as his official reports on the subject, have been largely drawn upon from time to time by the REVIEW OF REVIEWS, and we commend to our readers this little book as giving in epitome the results of Dr. Gould's very faithful and scientifically conducted investigations abroad. In this book he discusses the legal basis and practical results of the Scandinavian system, and gives his reasons for thinking the company system the best method of control. Comparative Summary and Index of State Legislation in

1894 (State Library Bulletin of Legislation No. 5). Paper, octavo, pp. 90. Albany: University of the State of New York. 20 cents.

Many of our readers have doubtless familiarized themselves with previous numbers of this useful bulletin, the chief features of which are succinct paragraphs summing up the important laws of general interest passed by the various legislatures in session during the year, and a carefully prepared alphabetical index to the same; each paragraph is followed by full citations to the state or territorial statutes thus summarized. No other publication attempts to do this work, which is of the greatest importance not only to the professional lawyer but to persons interested in the different state and national reform movements of the day, to students of economics, and to many other classes of citizens.

The Christian State; a Political Vision of Christ.

By

George D. Herron. 12mo, pp. 216. New York: T.
Y. Crowell & Co. 75 cents.

The religious world has noted the appearance, from time to time, of Dr. Herron's well-known books in the department of Christian sociology. The present volume is a course of six lectures delivered in various churches for the purpose of inducing a more general acceptance of that conception of social Christianity for which the lecturer stands. Dr. Herron disclaims any "attempt to contribute to political, social or theological science." As in all his former works, he appeals to the moral consciousness of the community, and to that alone. This book should be read by those critics of Dr. Herron who have judged him largely from newspaper reports of his lectures. It appears that these reports have, in some cases, misrepresented him. He does not assert, for example, that social regeneration must precede individual regeneration; but he emphasizes the fact that all religious development of the individual must be hampered by the imperfect development of society.

Municipal Reform Movements in the United States. By William Howe Tolman, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 219. New York: Fleming H Revell Company. $1.

This little volume is packed with information which to the worker in the cause of civic regeneration is simply indispensable. Much of the information, possibly, might be ob

tained in other ways, but they would be tedious and devious ways indeed, and merely as a saver of time and correspondence Dr. Tolman's manual is a real desideratum. Besides the succinct summaries of the aims and methods of some seventyfive reform organizations all over the country, there is a more detailed account of the work of the City Vigilance League, of New York City, with which the author is thoroughly acquainted, and which he rightly considers a useful object lesson to like organizations everywhere. Such a book should by all means have been provided with an index, especially since the arrangement of the material relating to the various clubs bears no relation to the towns to which the clubs belong. Thus the Civic Club, of Beloit, Wis., finds a place between the City Reform Club, of New York, and the Civic Federation, of Chicago.

Trusts; or, Industrial Combinations and Coalitions in the United States. By Ernst von Halle. 12mo, pp. 366. New York: Macmillan & Co. $1.25.

This is a study of American industrial conditions from the point of view of an intelligent, observant, and thoroughly scientific foreigner who has investigated both facts and theories without bias. Dr. von Halle has enjoyed exceptional facilities for the prosecution of his researches, and has had access to the most important materials for such a study. All classes in the community who had information on any phase of the trust question seem to have aided him in his task of ascertaining the truth. The REVIEW OF REVIEWs hopes to present its readers at some future time with some of the more important results of Dr. von Halle's very scholarly work. No more useful contribution to our knowledge of our own institutions has been made by any foreigner since the appearance of Mr. Bryce's epoch-making work.

History of the People of Israel, from the Rule of the Persians to that of the Greeks. By Ernest Renan. Octavo, pp. 354. Boston: Roberts Brothers. $2.50.

The fourth volume of M. Renan's History begins with the return to Jerusalem from Babylon and brings the narrative of Israel's experiences down to about 150 B.C. The story is told in these pages of the transference from Persian to Greek rule. The period covered embraces an obscure chapter in Jewish history-" the deep sleep of Israel," Renan calls itcontinuing through the fourth and third centuries B.C. Little need be added to previous commendations of Renan's abilities as a chronicler and general merits as a writer. Venturing into a field in which much had already been attempted, and much achieved, in the way of scholarly research, he has essayed his own peculiar task with rare power of discrimination and has presented the results of his labors with a freshness and charm of statement which insure his work a rank among the historical masterpieces of the century.

Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and

Correction, at the twenty-first annual session, held in
Nashville, Tenn, May 23-29, 1894. Octavo, pp. 402.
Boston: Geo. H. Ellis. $1.50.

Among the more noteworthy papers appearing in this volume of the proceedings are those on Training Schools for Nurses, The Duty of the State to the Insane, "Provision for Epileptics," and "Instruction in Sociology in Institutions of Learning." In the brief reports from the field of charity organization in our great cities there is much of interest relative to the special efforts to provide relief by work during the stress of the hard times in 1893-94.

History for Ready Reference. By J. N. Larned Five volumes, Vol. IV-Nicæa to Tunis. Quarto, pp. 770. Springfield, Mass.: C. A. Nichols Co.

Among the important topics treated in this volume are "Papacy, "Rome," Russia, "Scotland," "Slavery," "Social Movements," 99.66 Spain." and "Tariff Legislation." As in the preceding volumes of the work, admirable judgment has been shown in the selection of the authorities quoted under each head. In most cases only recognized specialists have been chosen. The material is also noteworthy for its freshness and late revision. Periodical literature has been drawn on when necessary to bring the narrative down to date. The maps and plans which have a place in the work are excellent from every point of view.

Mutiny of the Bounty, and Story of Pitcairn Island, 1790 1894. By Rosalind Amelia Young. 16mo, pp. 254. Oakland, Cal.: Pacific Press Publishing Company. $1. Hitherto most writing upon the history and conditions of life on Pitcairn Island has been done by those having no very intimate knowledge of the subjects. Miss Young was born on the island and has spent her life there. Her father was a grandson of John Adams, one of the mutineers of the Bounty. She gives a simple and interesting narrative of the affairs of the Pitcairn community from its foundation down to the year 1894. The present inhabitants number about one hundred and thirty. Miss Young's account is necessarily composed of details of small significance to the general history of the world, but this fact does not make her record less readable. The twenty-five half-tone engravings in the book, from original photographs, are helpful, though not of the highest artistic excellence.

Government of the Colony of South Carolina. By Edson

L. Whitney, Ph.D. Paper, Octavo, pp. 121. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 75 cents.

The writer of this monograph has followed the topical rather than the chronological method of treatment, taking up successively the powers and functions of the Governor, Council and Assembly; the land system, the organization of the pari h, the judiciary, the militia, taxation and currency. The study is systematically conducted, and numerous references to original authorities are appended.

Select Chapters and Passages from the Wealth of Nations of Adam Smith, 1776. 16mo, pp. 297. New York: Macmillan & Co. 75 cents.

These "Select Chapters and Passages" of the great classic of modern political economy are from the text of the first edition (1776). The additions and omissions in the edition of 1784 are also noted. The portions chosen for this reprint, comprising altogether nearly a fifth of the book, give in small compass a view of Adam Smith's economic philosophy in its entirety. Thus for the student's purpose the book is really more serviceable than the complete work, since the process of elimination of irrelevant chapters has been wisely completed for him. A brief sketch of Smith is prefixed. The series of Economic Classics," of which this and the two texts noticed below form the first three volumes, is edited by Prof. W. J. Ashley, of Harvard, whose erudition in this especial field is the highest possible guarantee of the scholarly ac curacy of his work.

The First Six Chapters of the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation of David Ricardo, 1817. 16mo, pp. 130. New York: Macmillan & Co.. 75 cents.

Only the first six chapters of Ricardo's most important work appear in this reprint, but these chapters hold the essence of his economic doctrine. The texts, both of the first and of the third edition (1817 and 1821) are reproduced. There is also a brief preliminary account of the economist's life and labors.

Parallel Chapters from the First and Second Editions of An Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society. By. T. R. Malthus, 1798-1803. 16mo, pp. 153. New York: Macmillan & Co. 75 cents.

This is an exact reprint, following the original spelling and punctuation, of the most important chapters in the first and second editions of the famous Essay on Population." The substance of the doctrine first enunciated by Malthus in 1798 is set forth in these selected passages, although they comprise but a fourth part of the first edition and a twentieth of the second. Some interesting bibliographical notes on the work of Malthus preface the reprinted chapters.

Honest Money. By Arthur I. Fonda. 12mo, pp. 221. New York: Macmillan & Co. $1.

The writer's aim in this work is to propose in outline a new monetary system suited to the commercial and industrial needs of the time. The main features of his plan are the establishment by the government of a multiple standard of value (composed of a large number of commodities in common use) and the issuing of currency notes based on this approved standard and redeemable in any commodity at its current market price, the government pledging itself to so control the amount of this currency in circulation that its actual purchasing power will conform to the standard on which it is based. The rise and fall of prices, as determined by statisticians from day to day, would govern the action of the government in adding to or withdrawing from the volume of circulation.

A Scientific Solution of the Money Question. By Arthur Kitson. 12mo, pp. 418. Boston: Arena Publishing Company. $1.25.

Still another "solution" of the money question is offered by Mr. Kitson, who wishes the government to abandon the function of regulating the currency to private enterprise. He believes that our present ills are mainly due to governmental restriction. He would abolish what he terms commodity and interest-bearing money; but holds that since free coinage would greatly augment the volume of the currency, it would afford relief, and on that ground is to be desired.

The Income-Tax Law and Treasury Regulations Relative to Its Collection. Together with Senator Hill's Speech. Paper, 16mo, pp. 90. New York: Brentano's. 10 ce.ts.

Of the various compendiums and manuals on the new income tax, none is likely to be of more direct use to the ordinary citizen than this little pamphlet. It discusses the different provisions of the law in their practical bearings.

BIOGRAPHY.

Great Men and Famous Women. A Series of Pen and Pencil Sketches of Prominent Personages in History. Edited by Charles F. Horne. Quarto. 68 parts. New York: Selmar Hess. Each part, 25 cents.

This series of biographical sketches constitutes a work of a popular nature, and as such it is worthy of high commenda. tion. The parts are to be bound in eight volumes, of which we have received the first four. Volumes I and II contain brief biographies of about seventy "Soldiers and Sailors," arranged in chronological order from the days of Nebuchadnezzar to those of Grant, Farragut and Count von Moltke. These sketches are by competent English and American writ ers and very many of them were prepared especially for this work. They give reliable information while still remaining bright and rich in anecdote. Volumes III and IV present "Statesmen and Sages" from Moses to President Cleveland. Each of the four volumes is illustrated by from five to eleven fine photogravures (mostly by Goupil and Company) and from thirteen to twenty-two wood engravings and typogravures. All of these are full-page and make a very important attrac tion of the work. There are also numerous minor illustrations in the text. Typography and binding are of high excellence. The Life and Adventures of George Augustus Sala. Written by himself. Two vols., Octavo, pp. 398, 392. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $5.

The versatile London journalist has compressed within two handsome volumes a wealth of anecdote and personal reminiscence which will be read with keenest interest in both hemispheres. No one needs to be told that Mr. Sala excels in the journalist's art of putting things, and his long-extended acquaintance with the men and manners of modern Europe has given him something to tell that is well worth the telling. Mr. Sala has been a great traveler and has fallen in with all kinds of people; but his chief adventures have had to do with European wars of the past half century, and the professions with which he has been most in contact have been the mili tary, the histrionic and his own.

The Life of Daniel Defoe. By Thomas Wright. Octavo,

pp. 461. New York: A. D. F. Randolph & Co. $3.75. Probably this will be generally accepted as the most valuable biography of the author of "Robinson Crusoe." The writer adopts the theory that the latter was really, as Defoe himself affirmed, an allegory of the famous story-teller's own life. It seems strange that the details of that life should so long have eluded the hot pursuit of antiquaries whose chief concern has been to gather an accurate bibliographical knowledge of Defoe. Principal Wright is attracted rather by the personality of the man than by his works, but he makes use of the works as a key to the personality. The typography and illustrations of his book are in keeping with its solidly creditable character.

The Diary of Samuel Pepys, M.A., F.R.S. Edited, with Additions, by Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. Vol. V. 12mo, pp. 424. New York: Macmillan & Co. $1.50. Previous volumes of this edition of Pepys' Diary have been noticed in the REVIEW from time to time. Volume V contai s the entries from July 1, 1665, 'to the close of September, 1666. The three full-page illustrations show "Mrs. Pepys as Saint Katharine." Sir William Penn (from the painting by Lely at Greenwich Hospital) and a fac-simile of the first page of manuscript in the Pepys collection-this being music and words of a song, "Beauty Retire."