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are now rapidly gathering about the scene. The Turkish bayonets retreat before the bared breasts of the villagers. With ever increasing numbers, but without tumult, the procession passed before the doors of the British and Russian Vice-Consulates, of the Persian Consul-General, the Chief of Police and other high officials, till it paused before the great palace of the Governor.

At this point Bahri Pasha, who is still Governor, stuck his head out of the second story window and said: "I see it. Too bad! Take them away and bury them. I will do what is necessary." Within two days some Kurds were brought in, among whom

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were several who were positively indentified by the women; but, upon their denying the crime, they were immediately released and escaped. The utter hopelessness of securing any justice was so apparent, and experience had so often demonstrated the danger of arousing the Kurds to greater atrocity by further efforts to punish them, that the case was dropped and soon forgotten in the callousness produced by other cases of frequent occurrence. The system of mail inspection is so effective (all letters of subjects must be handed in open at the post-office) and the danger of reporting is so great that I doubt that any account of this incident has ever been given to the civilized world. This case was doubtless reported by the former British Vice-Consul, unless he was busy hunting, and, as usual, was buried in the archives of the Foreign Office for "state reasons."

NAREG: ANCIENT CHURCH AND MODERN HOVELS.

out of the country, told me that during a large practice of a year and a half in Armenia, while using every effort to save life, only one case was remembered of regret by the doctor for a fatal ending,-so sad is the lot of those who survive.

This instance will explain the strange statement. A call came to see a young man sent home from prison in a dying condition. He could not speak, and had to be nourished for days by artificial feeding, because his stomach could not retain food. Constant and skillful care for a month brought him back to life, from the condition to which his vile, dark, unventilated cell and scanty food had brought him. As soon as the police learned of his unexpected recovery, he was seized and re-imprisoned, though an only son, with a widowed mother and sisters dependent upon him. When last heard of, he was still "awaiting trial." Such confinement

is a favorite method of intimidation and blackmail in the case of the innocent, and, in the case of the guilty, amounts to punishment without the cost and labor involved in proving the guilt and securing sentence by legal process.

From the house of an American missionary in Van goods of considerable value were stolen in November, 1893. Though he had good clews to the guilty parties, and could ill afford the loss, the missionary felt constrained to use every precaution not to let the affair come to the ears of the police, lest they should use it as a pretext for searching the houses of many innocent Armenians, in the hope of finding a letter, book or weapon of some kind, which might serve as an

excuse for imprisonment. This course of his exposed him to further attacks of thieves.

WHY ARE THESE FACTS NOT KNOWN?

The ignorance and incredulity of the public is a most significant commentary on the situation. But the explanation is simple. In the nature of the case, in reports of outrages where the victims or their friends are still within the clutches of the Turks, all names of individuals and often the exact locality must be concealed. Such anonymous accounts naturally arouse little interest, and, of course, cannot be verified. The former British Consul-General at Erzroom, Mr. Clifford Lloyd, showed me at that place many such reports sent to him by members of parliament for verification. He was unable to verify them, but said that the reports gave a correct impression of the condition of the country. At that very time, October 1890, Mr. Lloyd called attention, in an official dispatch, published in the " Blue Books," to: "1. The Insecurity of the lives and properties of the Armenians. 2. The insecurity of their persons, and the absence of all liberty of thought and action. 3. The unequal status held by the Christian as compared with the Mussulman in the eyes of the government."

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On this subject there are five channels of varying market value. First. Consular reports, meagre and often inaccessible. The United States has no consuls in Armenia, and consequently no "official" knowledge of its condition. European consuls are expected to report nothing that they are not absolutely sure of, and are given to understand, both by their own governments and by that of Turkey, that they must not make themselves obnoxious in seeking information. They are, at best, passive until their aid is sought, and then alarm the suppliants by refusing to touch the case unless allowed to use names. Second. Missionaries, whose mouths are sealed. They would be the best informed and most trustworthy witnesses. But they feel it their first duty to safeguard the great benevolent and educational interests committed to them, by not exciting the suspicion and hostility of the government. Their position is a delicate one, conditional on their neutrality, like that of officers of the Red Cross Society in war. Third. Occasional travelers, such as Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, whom I had the pleasure of meeting there, and who embodied the result of her careful investigations in an article entitled, "The Shadow of the Kurd" in the Contemporary Review.* Fourth. Much evidence from Armenian sources, which is often unjustly discredited as being the exaggeration, if not fabrication, of "revolutionists who seek a political end." Fifth. Turkish official reports, often obtained by corrupt or violent means, or invented to suit the circumstances. Though the financial credit of the Ottoman government was long ago exhausted, there are some well meaning people who still place confidence in Turkish explanations and promises.

*The Contemporary Review, May and June, 1890.

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AN ARMENIAN TOMBSTONE OF A. D. 934.

tive from present conditions, it should be universally welcomed. Russia is crude, stupid and, in certain aspects, brutal, but she is not decrepit, debauched and doting like official Turkey. The diseases of the "Sick Man" are incurable and increasing, while the bully of the North is young, of good blood, and with an energy suggestive of a force of nature. Russia shaves half the head of seceders from the Orthodox Church and transports them. Turkey, with more tact, quietly disposes" of converts from Islam,

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many of whom would step forth if the prospect were less than death. The Jewish question in Russia is primarily an industrial one, like the Chinese question in the United States. When the writer passed from Turkish Armenia into the Caucasus, it was from a desert to a garden; from danger to perfect security; from want and sorrow to plenty and cheer.

Until lately, thousands of Turkish Armenians have been in the habit of crossing the Russian border in spring, earning good wages during the summer, and returning to spend the winter with their families. This has opened their eyes to the contrast between the two lands and turned their hearts to Russia.

The second solution is Armenian autonomy, like that of Bulgaria, the dream of a few visionaries, who ignore the geographical difficulties, character and distribution of the population and the temper of Russia and other powers by whom it would have to be established.

The only other method is radical and vigorous administrative reforms, which the European powers

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THE CATHOLICOS OF AKHTAMAR. Wearing the Sultan's highest decorations for services rendered.

is unfortunately obscured, in the mind of the public, by utterances and acts of a few irresponsible Armenian hot heads, who have imbibed nihilistic views in Europe and are trying, in a very bungling way, ically make known the steps taken to this effect to the Powers, who will superintend their application."

Anglo-Turkish Convention, 1878, Art. I:"If Batoum, Ardahan, Kars, or any of them, shall be retained by Russia, and if any attempt shall be made at any future time by Russia to take possession of any further territory of His Imperial Majesty, the Sultan, in Asia, as fixed by the Definitive Treaty of Peace, England engages to join His Imperial Majesty, the Sultan, in defending them by force of arms.

"In return. His Imperial Majesty, the Sultan, promises to England to introduce necessary reforms, to be agreed upon later between the two Powers, into the government and for the protection of the Christian and other subjects of the Porte in these territories and in order to enable England to make necessary provision for executing her engagement, His Imperial Majesty, the Sultan, further consents to assign_the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered by England."

"The Armenian Question." Anglo-Armenian Society. London. +"An Appeal to the Christians of America from the Christians of Armenia. " P. Matthews Ayvad, 10 Spruce street, New York City.

and at a very safe distance, to apply them. They are hated by the vast majority of Armenians in Turkey. They are related to the question at issue in the same way and degree as train wreckers and box car burners were to the industrial problem during the riots at Chicago in July last, and deserve the same treatment. The Turks take great pains to thrust them into public notice, as a cloak for themselves, and with good suc

cess.

THE PRESENT CHANCE TO HELP ALL THE RACES IN TURKEY.

According to the Koran, which is the basis and ultimate authority of Mohammedan law-Code Napoleon, treaty stipulations, and Imperial Iradés notwithstanding the whole non-moslem population of Turkey are outlaws. The millions of ancient, hereditary inhabitants, whether Greek, Armenian, Nestorian, Jacobite, Jew or Syrian, are considered aliens. Their legal status is that of prisoners of war, with corresponding rights and responsibilities.* Not one of them is expected or even allowed to serve in the army. Non-moslems whose services are indispensable to the government, are in rare cases, put in civil offices, especially financial, for which no Mohammedan of sufficient integrity or ability can be found.

It cannot be denied that the above is true in theory, and it is equally true that the theory is carried out so far as fear of intervention by Christian nations permits.

In this hour, when our hearts are stirred by the lot of our co-religionists under the crescent, let us not forget that the moslem population almost equally is cursed and impoverished by Turkish misrule, venality and taxation. They drink the cup of woe, all but the more bitter dregs of religious persecution, which is reserved for Christian lips. Their benumbed condition, natural stolidity and unquestioning obedience to a creed whose cardinal principle is submission,† accounts for the fact that they do not appear as a factor of the problem. Yet even Mohammedans sometimes secretly come pleading that Europe take some interest in their case, too. In the name of humanity, yes, of Christianity, let them not be forgotten.

HAS AMERICA A DUTY TO PERFORM?

Is it unreasonable and un-American to ask that some adequate provision be made for the protection of the imperiled lives and property of American citizens? Dr. Reynolds, of Van, one of those quiet heroes too busy and too modest to discover himself, still at his post, bears on his head, face and arms some fifteen scars, which I have seen, from the cimeter of the notorious Moussa Bey, a Kurdish chief of Moosh plain in 1883. No redress for this murderous, unprovoked attack was ever secured, though General Wallace, a fighting man, forsooth, was our "Minister Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary" at the court of the Sultan. Dr. Reynolds, too, fought the battles for the *Notes on Muhammadanism." Rev. T. P. Hughes, pp. 209

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Union, but that, of course, is forgotten. More recent cases of violence to an American woman, of arrest and insult might be given. There are at least two hundred and thirty-six adult American missionaries, connected with eight societies, laboring in Asiatic Turkey alone, not to mention their children, and other American residents engaged in business. They hold over $2,000,000 of American property, to say nothing of the millions given by Americans for the support of benevolent and educational objects there since 1822.

Is it unreasonable and un-American to desire that our representative at Constantinople shall have such support from Washington as to justify his taking a position of dignity and influence among the distinguished representatives of other powers?

It is not flattering to read in the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1893, that official correspondence of Minister Thompson with Consul Jewett at Sivas was repeatedly intercepted by Turkish authorities.* Nor is it satisfactory to learn that the explicit demand, authorized by the Secretary of State eight months ago,t for a license, or iradé, in favor of the Marsovan College, which was burnt down by a Turkish mob, unrestrained by the authorities, has not yet been complied with.

WHAT WILL BE DONE?

What will be done? Nothing, until the President and Congress are assured in unmistakable terms, by the press and pulpit, by mass meetings, deputations, petitions and personal communications, that the American people desire, 1, a larger and more efficient Consular service in the interior to secure to American citizens the safety of their persons and property, and their engaging without interference in lawful pursuits; 2, such an attitude on the part of the United States Minister as will guard the honor of his country and secure her just demands; and, 3, such a friendly but significant protest from Congress, through the President, to the Sultan, as will leave the latter in no doubt as to the feeling of the American people in regard to the late massacre. A well-known principle of international law justifies interference "where the general interests of humanity are infringed by the excesses of a barbarous and despotic government."+ The United States has repeatedly acted on this principle.§ May I remind them of what America owes to Lafayette, who was not and American, and quote the words of Lowell, whom America is proud to honor as a diplomat and a man?

"He's true to God who's true to man; wherever wrong is done

To the humblest and the weakest, 'neath the all-behold

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THE INDUSTRIAL CHRISTIAN ALLIANCE OF NEW YORK.

BY ARTHUR W. MILBURY.

[In the office of the REVIEW OF REVIEWS, the other day, with a stenographer to record the conversation, the editor addressed to Mr. Arthur W. Milbury, the indefatigable founder and manager of the Industrial Christian Alliance, the following interrogatory remarks:

"In every country, to-day, thoughtful men, either through public and official agencies, or else through agencies of a character that we may call philanthropic, are endeavoring to deal with the problem of a floating population. Our modern industrial system and our whole social structure, sadly enough, make it true that every city has in variable proportions, but, as a constant factor, a population element that is for the time being detached from regular occupation, from circles of friendly assistance, and from that whole regimen of life which gives the more fortunate man his place, his status, his associations and his daily work. I have been interested greatly in all that I have learned of the Industrial Christian Alliance of New York, because in a city which makes scant public and official recognition of the need for wise dealing with the "stranded," and the unfortunate floating element, it has been said that no other agency has been working so hopefully, and, upon the whole, so successfully as the Alliance in this very obscure and difficult field. So much, Mr. Milbury, by way of explanation of my desire to learn directly from you, for the benefit of the readers of the REVIEW OF REVIEWS, about the origin of the Alliance, its objects, its methods of work, the principles which it is working out in experience and the future which it sees before it,-with the application of its principles and its experience to similar problems in other English-speaking centres of urban population." Whereupon Mr. Milbury made the replies, afterwards carefully revised by him, which follow in these pages.]

THE subject is

SO vast that it is difficult to compress it into a magazine article. The floating population of which you have spoken, so far

as men are con

cerned,-and as yet
the Alliance is deal-
ing only with men,

-is com-
posed of
three classes.
First. Out-
cast men,
cut off from
friends, em-
ployment,
self-respect

and self-reliance by their sins and follies, who are a vagrant charge upon the community and a menace to society. Second,-fortunately not so permanent or so prominent a factor,-are the men who are homeless through no fault of their own; who plead no employment, exhausted savings, long sickness, discharge from hospitals as soon as able to walk and when too weak to work. The third, and in many respects the saddest, is that large and apparently increasing class of men, honest, temperate and industrious, who earn a precarious living by "odd jobs." These are the partially-incapacitated men, forced out of regular trades by impaired sight, or hearing, or by the loss of a limb; the paralytic; the semi-invalid, who can work to-day and is down to-morrow, and the old man,-for it is an unhappy truth that our modern industrial system demands young, alert, vigorous brain and brawn. In every city thousands

of this third class, men and women, are waging a heroic fight against desperate odds, supporting themselves and supporting, or contributing to the support of families from "odd jobs," netting them the year around less than 50 cents a day. To these may be added the incapables," to whom nature has denied something vital in their make up,-the mean-wells, but ne'er-do-wells of the race.

The Alliance so far is working chiefly with the first class.

As to the origin of the Alliance: Some four years ago a few men engaged in rescue work became convinced that the existing methods for the reclamation of these men were spasmodic and ineffectual; that to reform a man whose life is all out of joint, something more is needed than a night's lodging, an occasional meal, and a fervent exhortation to be good. He must be removed from evil influences into a new and pure atmosphere. There must be thrown around him the strong arm of human and Christian friendship, with patient and loving endeavor to reawaken manhood and a love of righteousness in him. Employment must be provided. The Alliance believes the Gospel of Labor to be an integral part of the Gospel of Christ, and that after arousing hope in a man and a desire to do better, the best remedial agency is regular labor, under friendly, sympathetic leadership. Self-respect is developed in men when they feel that they are paying for what they get, and steady work enforces regular habits in lives that have long been irregularity itself. Therefore, these gentlemen incorporated The Industrial Christian Alliance, and November 30, 1891, opened a small home on Macdougal street, stating their objects in these words: "A temporary, Christian, industrial home for friendless and fallen men. The only requisites for admission are a desire to lead a better life, and willingness to work. The man who will not work when work is offered is not regarded as a helpable case and will not

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