TH

THE CENTURY.

HE May Century contains a brief article by A. C. Bernheim entitled "A Chapter of Municipal Folly," in which he shows what a vast amount of public revenue has been wasted by the failure to secure adequate prices for municipal franchises. This writer records some notable instances in which New York has thrown away enormously valuable franchises, and calls on her to protect her taxpayers in the events to come. He says:

"The Dock Department was organized in 1870, and since then its gross annual revenues have shown an increase from $315,524 in 1871 to $1,839,658 for the year 1894, and its net yearly revenues, which in 1871 amounted to $143,000, had increased twenty-three years later to $1,500,000. The ferry rents, which in the year 1879 were only $64,441, have been increased to $354,280.

"We need only record the earnings of the Brooklyn Bridge to realize what has been gained to present and future generations by retaining in public hands the control and ownership of this great highway. The gross earnings have steadily increased from $622,680.31 in 1885 to $1,326,598.85 in 1894.

"The profits from public enterprise are so well assured that the public should be continually on guard. Only a few years ago practically an exclusive contract for underground subways was authorized by the legislature, without substantial consideration to the city, which will make it almost impossible ever to interfere with the monopoly of the Metropolitan Telephone, the Western Union and the Edison Illuminating companies, the virtual owners of this new corporation controlling the subways."

Mr. W. E. Smythe, editor of the Irrigation Age, contributes a lengthy illustrated article entitled, "The Conquest of Arid America," in which he gives some picturesque views of the gigantic opportunities he sees in the irrigating of these western rainless countries. The magnitude of the subject is suggested in the following paragraphs:

"The one-hundredth meridian divides the United States almost exactly into halves. East of that line dwell sixty-four million people. Here are overgrown cities and overcrowded industries. Here is surplus capital, as idle and burdensome as the surplus population. West of that line dwell four or five millions. Here is a great want both of people and of capital for development. Here is the raw material for another war of conquest, offering prizes far greater than those of the past, because natural resources are richer and much more varied and extensive. The new empire includes, in whole or in part, seventeen states and territories. It is a region of imperial dimensions. From north to south it measures as far as from Montreal to Mobile. From east to west the distance is greater than from Boston to Omaha. Within these wide boundaries there are great diversities of climate and soil, of altitude and other physical conditions. But everywhere the climate is healthful to an extraordinary degree, and in all, except the great plains region of the extreme east, the scenery is rugged and noble beyond description.

"The one-hundredth meridian is not merely the boundary line of present development. It is much more sig

nificant as indicating the beginning of the condition of aridity. To the popular mind 'arid' means only 'rainless,' and 'rainless' is synonymous with 'worthless.' But 'aridity,' when properly defined and fully comprehended, is seen to be the germ of new industrial and social systems, with far-reaching possibilities in the fields of ethics and politics. It would be idle to attempt to predict how the American character will be modified and transformed when millions of people shall have finally made their homes in the arid regions, under conditions as yet untried by Anglo-Saxon men. But that millions will live under these conditions is inevitable, and that the new environment will produce momentous changes in methods of life and habits of thought is equally certain."

drew Wilson's "The Story of the Liver," and Mr. Charles Dudley Warner's contribution to "The Editor's Study " to review as "Leading Articles."

The Rev. Brockholst Morgan, in writing of "Men's Work Among Women," asserts that the influence of refined, sincere and tactful men is far more effective and welcome with the unfortunates of a great city than the efforts of their sisters. "The most hardened women recognize these qualities of the missionary, who, under the livery of the Church, carries the bearing of a true Christian. The criminal woman would rather tell her story to any one than to a fellow-woman.

"On one occasion, in the Tombs Prison, a woman, coming up to one of these men workers, touched him gently on the sleeve and said, probably with the reminiscences of gentler days in her own history, 'How good it is to meet a gentleman!'

"Another time, while one of these workers was preaching in the Tombs a woman was brought in from the street and took her seat among the worshipers, whom she sought to disturb by her actions and shameless gestures. Finding these of no avail, she rose up, uttered a piercing shriek, and threw herself upon the stone floor, drumming with her feet against the pavement. In very shame at her conduct, two of her fellow-prisoners immediately spread out their skirts and sat upon her, hiding her completely. In a moment she wriggled from under this burden and slunk into a cell, leaving the congregation as reverent and unmoved as if nothing had occurred.

"One of the most striking instances of the influence of the gentleman priest among women took place some time ago, when a murder had been discovered in one of the vilest lodging-houses of the city, and the drag-net of the police had scooped in about twenty of the most loathsome wretches of New York, who were temporarily confined in the House of Detention, and whose reverence and decency of conduct at the services conducted for several months by the same gentlemen might be an example to any gathering of women in New York."

There has been some speculation among folks in the trade of letters as to the authorship of the "Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc," which are being printed serially in Harper's. The publishers have given no

further clue than the statement that the writer is one of the most popular magazine writers of to-day, but several have guessed Joan's biographer to be Mr. Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain. His account of that most romantic and dramatic of all careers makes a very charming magazine feature. Mr. Howells' essay, "True, I Talk of Dreams," gives its subject categorically in the title, and is in his most pleasant philosophic and discursive style. A very excellent art paper, "The Museum of the Prado," is signed by an exceptionally discerning and delicate-minded young critic, Royal Cortissoz.

THA

SCRIBNER'S.

HAT very pleasant philosopher, Mr. Robert Grant, gives in the May Scribner's his views on the subject, palpitating with interest to the American youth-" Occupation." With the careers in army or navy absent, as they are in this non-belligerent country, and the clerical estate a calling rather than a profession, the American problem is somewhat different from the European. The flashy charms of stockbroking have largely departed with overcompetition, and the promoter has succumbed to crises. The school teacher is, in Mr. Grant's opinion, shamefully underpaid. Aside from the marts of trade, Mr. Grant votes for the law, medicine, architecture and engineering in its various branches as the occupations which offer the largest and most honorable returns to the young man of to-day, and especially the last named.

"The furnaces, mines, manufactories and the hydraulic, electrical or other plants connected with the numerous vast mechanical business enterprises of the country are furnishing immediate occupation for hundreds of graduates of the scientific or polytechnic schools at highly respectable salaries. This field of usefulness is certain for a long time to come to offer employment and a fair livelihood to many, and large returns to those who outstrip their contemporaries. More and more is the business man, the manufacturer and the capitalist likely to be dependent for the economical or successful development and management of undertakings on the judgment of scientific experts in his own employment or called in to advise, and it is only meet that the counsel given should be paid for handsomely."

Mr. A. B. Frost's inimitable drawings which profusely embellish the opening article on "Golf," by Henry E. Howland, illustrate the serious aspects of that rapidly gaining pastime, and make lots of fun of its ridiculous incidents. Mr. Frost is himself one of the ardent devotees of golf, as well as the writer, who describes the peculiarities of a number of courses which have lately come into being in America. The following paragraph will suggest some of the points of the game:

"The game illustrates the analytical and philosophical character of the Scotch mind. In it muscle and mind, aud ball and eye, each play a part, and all must be in perfect accord. Some of its fascinations lie in its difficulties-there are twenty-two different rules to remember in making a drive; some golfers write them on their wristbands, others have them repeated by their caddies at the beginning of their stroke; one enthusiast, after painfully obtaining the proper position, had himself built into a frame, which thereafter was carried about to each teeing ground, that he might be sure of his form. The loose, slashing style known as the St. Andrew's swing, in which the player seems to twist his body into an imitation of the Laocoon, and then suddenly to uncoil, is the perfection of art. It is a swing and not a hit; the ball is met at a certain point and swept away with apparent abandon, the

driver following the ball, and finishing with a swing over the shoulder in what is almost a complete circle. A jerk is an abomination; the true motion requires a gradual acceleration of speed, with muscles flexible, save that the lower hand should have a tight grip on the stick-a swing like an auld wife cutting hay;' if this does not convey the idea, Eh, man, just take and throw your club at the ba'. Oh the careless ease of that swing and the beautiful far-reaching results that follow! But be not deceived, overconfident beginner, wise in your own conceit; a topped ball that rolls harmlessly a few yards, or some practical agriculture with perhaps a broken driver, or a wrench that follows a fruitless blow, will be your reward, if you venture to imitate that dashing, insolent, fearless stroke, which seems so easy because it is the very perfection of art and crown of skill. It is but the fruit of a life spent club in hand, for the best golfer, like the oyster, is caught young."

WE

THE COSMOPOLITAN.

E have quoted in another department from A. E. Dolbear's article on the application of electricity to the heating of houses, in the May Cosmopolitan. Mary P. Whiteman contributes an article on "Saleswomen in the Great Stores," in which she tells about the duties, the ambitions and the trials of this distinct type of American maidens. The Cosmopolitan prints a number of portraits of young women engaged in the large New York stores, which show a remarkably beautiful set of girls, and which somewhat detract from the impression of the hardships that the writer ascribes to their life.

"In most of the large establishments, where many people are employed, the rules are very strict and the punishment is generally a fine, which is deducted from the salary at the end of the week. For example, a cent a minute is generally charged for tardiness, and many of the people, no matter how small the salary, and may be living many miles from their place of business, frequently, in fact, almost uniformly, carry home their salaries at the end of the week minus fifty cents or so. On the other hand, if customers come in late and stay over closing time these same girls are expected to wait on them cheerfully some fifteen or twenty minutes after six without any extra compensation. Still, fining seems necessary, for, when not enforced, there are always those who take advantage of it, and they must be in their places to get their stocks in order and be ready to wait on the customers.

"Fining applies more especially to the low-salaried salespeople. The higher up in authority, and the bigger wages one receives, the more leniency is shown; there fore, the head fitter,' getting her $75 a week, the French trimmer, whose time is worth her weight in gold, or the large-salaried buyer, arrive with an air of impor tance a half hour or so after the appointed time of opening. "In most of the great shops there is a surprising lack of comfort in the way of a lunch-room, or a place to spend the allotted three-quarters of an hour at noon. In some places this room is at the top of the building, and in others in the cellar, but almost all are dirty and unattractive in every way. In one particular house on the West Side the rats are so large and numerous that the services of a Pied Piper are sadly in demand. This is a disgrace, especially when one sees the fine waiting-rooms provided for the customers. There are one or two notable exceptions to this, however, one especially which is following closely upon the lines of the famous Bon Marché, in Paris, and it is greatly appreciated by all the employees."

Mr. John Brisben Walker, editor and owner of the Cos

mopolitan, describes the picturesque and stupendous Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, with the aid of illustrations from Thomas Moran's paintings. Mr. Walker believes this road will be one of the first of the great lines to introduce electricity for regular service.

"In the front rank of the great railway systems of the world, it seems probable that the Denver and Rio Grande, owing to the topography of the country through which it passes, will be one of the first to be converted from the old ways of steam to the new world of electricity. Along its devious routes a hundred mountain streams waste their energies. Down every mountain side dash waters capable of driving dynamos of countless horse-power. What are the obstacles in the way of using this new motive power, the engineers of the road alone understand. But I doubt if there are others than those incidental to the additional capital which a change would involve for new machinery. First to welcome the new electricity will, I predict, be the mountain railway system of the Rio Grande, and the transcontinental traveler will, in the near future, enjoy his magnificent mountain views free from the nuisance of smoke and cinders."

LIPPINCOTT'S.

AVID B. FITZGERALD gives a graphic account of

a great fish seine in his article entitled

"On a Shad Float." The "toggle-line" of the immense net is drawn by a fifteen horse-power steam engine.

"When the half-circle outlined by the corks is less than one hundred feet in diameter the interest becomes feverish, and the float is a scene of intense though subdued excitement. Two lines of men, with straining muscles, haul steadily on the hand-lines, suggesting the athletic contest that is called the rope-pull, and even the engine coughs and splutters, as though collecting its energies for the critical moment now approaching. The silence is unbroken, except by the voice of the superintendent giving his orders, and an occasional exclamation, impossible to restrain, from some of the negroes. The water within the net is violently agitated by the thousands of fins and tails beating it into foam. A great sturgeon is thrashing about him furiously, and the hauling is suspended until a man can go out in a boat and spear him. Then the tug and strain begin again; and now the moment has arrived that will test the strength of knot and the quality of fibre in the seine. In the old method of fishing from the shore there was a gradual slope from the middle of the river to the point where the catch was landed, but in float-fishing it is necessary to raise the whole catch along the surface of that inclined plane which slopes to the bottom of the water. In the progress of the catch up this slope the strain on the meshes of the net is tremendous, for the middle of the seine is now practically converted into a great bag full of struggling shad and herring. The flapping prey is in sight, and every muscle is at utmost tension. Foot by foot the seine comes in, and at the moment it reaches the top of the plane the lead-line is held taut, a dozen hands grasp the cork-line and draw it inward, and the fish are landed in an avalanche on the platform." In former days it was possible to catch 10,000 fish at one haul. But now 500 make a good bag.

Mr. W. W. Brown takes us into the fields with him to see the first birds of spring-which are the bluebirds, robins and song sparrows, followed by the flicker, purple finch and fox sparrow. He describes the methods of migrating birds, and the rests they are glad to make on their long journeys.

"I have known of cases where hermit thrushes, brown

thrashers and bobolinks, too fatigued to resist, have been picked up in the streets of New York. All of them were young birds, probably from late broods, and, while they were able to pass successfully our environs and the East River, to continue across the great city was too much for them. In every case they were captured during the fall flight. Returning from the south, many birds seem to be guided by the coast-line, passing east of New York City (Staten Island is a favorite resting-place), from there to Long Island, and through to the small group at the extremity, after that striking across the Sound and continuing up the New England coast."

F

MCCLURE'S.

ROM the May McClure's we have selected Charles A. Dana's contribution on "Journalism" to quote from among the Leading Articles.

This number opens with an editorial headed, “Our First One Hundred Thousand," in which Mr. S. S. McClure announces that his bright magazine has reached that highly respectable point of circulation. Few successes have been won by new periodicals so purely on merit, and the publisher explains that this circulation was attained without any approach to the expenditure of the great sums of money-several hundred thousand dollars in any case-which have been considered necessary to 66 put on its feet" an illustrated magazine in New York. Mr. McClure's especial editorial feats have been in the presentation of Robert Louis Stevenson's works, and in bringing to the fore in America the notable new school of Scotch story-writers which includes Doyle, Crockett, Ian Maclaren and others, not to mention Rudyard Kipling.

Madame Blanc writes in this number on "A Prairie College," the institution in question being Knox College at Galesburg, which the Frenchwoman visited and studied recently. Her observations are fully as quaint as and are considerably more accurate than those of our average European critics. She is surprised at the amount of sincere interest taken in Old World literature in this prairie town, and she approves highly of the results of the coeducational system she finds in vogue there.

Cleveland Moffatt makes an extraordinarily sensational chapter of his exploitations of the Pinkerton archives in an account of the desperate train robberies committed by the Reno gang. This dashing, lawless group of young men had for a father a Swiss, and for mother, a Pennsylvania Dutch woman. All but one of the six went to highway robbery as a duck goes to water, and not the least daring of the family was Laura Reno, their sister.

THE

MUNSEY'S.

HE May Munsey's contains the usual large array of well-printed half-tone pictures. An "Ex-Diplomat" writes about "The Prince of Wales and his Set," in an almost eulogistic vein. He introduces the future King of England as quite a bookworm, which it is safe to say will be a new character for him to assume in the public eye.

"Not a single new book of importance appears in either English, German or French, that does not receive the prince's attention, and every literary primeur is read and discussed at Marlborough House or Sandringham long before its review appears in the London press. There are several French authors, notably Alphonse Daudet, Zola, and Bourget, who make a point of sending one of the very first copies of each of their works to the Prince of Wales. I recall M. Gambettta expressing to me, on one occasion,

the most unbounded surprise that a man who had the reputation of being so exclusively addicted to pleasure should have read so much. Volumes of personal memoirs, especially, the prince not merely peruses but simply devours. Among other subjects of literature discussed by the great French statesman and the British heir apparent, on the occasion of their first meeting at a déjeuner at the Hotel Bristol, was an American work, the memoirs of Nassau Senior, of which it was manifest that the prince had made a complete and appreciative study. And to show how catholic are his tastes and those of the princess, I may mention in confidence that I have known a package of nihilistic literature, including Tchernyshevsky's "What Is to Be Done?" and other equally revolutionary writings, to be dispatched to Sandringham at their personal request." George Holme, in writing on "The Great Atlantic Liners," tells of a curious arrangement introduced in modern ships to keep them from rolling.

"Just behind the engine-room there is a 'rolling chamber.' It is shaped something like a curved hour-glass lying on its side across the ship. It is partly filled with water, a hundred tons being its capacity. When the steamer begins to roll the water starts toward the side that is lowered, but the narrow neck keeps it from rushing through at once. Its momentum, however, drives the water on, even while the vessel rights itself, and the same thing occurs on the opposite roll. The weight of a hundred tons of water will do a little toward counteracting the roll of even a great liner."

GODEY'S.

N the May Godey's is concluded a charming story of

Cleveland. She calls it " Cipher," after the name of the faithful dog- not devoid of esprit either-who is the companion of her greuadier hero. The Napoleon hero-worship has not been more sincerely nor enthusiastically portrayed than in this story of her "Old Grenadier."

Jesse Albert Locke places the necessary cost of an impersonally conducted six weeks' trip to Europe inside $300, and draws up the following table of expenses, the result of several veritable experiences :

$90.00

general that the single state allows the literary artist more freedom and greater opportunities to learn the universal truths by meeting his fellow men and women; and secondly, that as a matter of fact, the marriages of a great proportion of authors have been unhappy. The Mid-Continent is published from Chicago and Louisville.

IN

THE CHAUTAUQUAN.

66

N the May Chautauquan, Alice Morse Earle begins a commentary on The Fashions of the Nineteenth Century," illustrated by reproductions of fashion plates. The present article covers the first half of the century, and it is noticeable that the earlier styles are far more like those of to-day than are the costumes of the early 'fifties.

"Great Acts of the English Parliament," a rather difficult subject for popular treatment, is successfully presented in a brief article by Professor Raleigh, of All Souls' College, Oxford. He shows the significance of several of the prominent landmarks in English legislation.

In his account of "Journalism in the Protestant Episcopal Church," Rev. G. A. Carstensen raises the question whether there is any journal which fairly represents the best thought, life and work of the whole church. Most denominational newspapers, he says, build up their circulation on geographical lines, but in the Protestant Episcopal Church it is a mattter of party rather than locality. The South furnishes the evangelical organ for the whole country, "while the high churchmen of the East look to Chicago for the medium which best expresses their sentiments, and the paper which aims to be comprehensive is published in cosmopolitan New York."

IN

THE FORUM.

62.00

HE Southern Magazine, which was obliged to suspend Mid-Continent, whose publishers are desirous to appeal to a wider field than was possible under the former sectional title. This new series of the journal is very creditably illustrated and edited, and there are a particularly live, striking set of pictures in the sketch of Henry Watterson, by M. M. Casseday. There are short stories from the pens of that fresh and charming writer Mrs. Martha McCulloch Williams, C. M. Girardeau, Edward Cummings and others, and Alfred Allen contributes a chapter of reminiscences of Sidney Lanier. Edward Strong tells us "Why Authors Should Not Marry;" his reasons are in

Mr. Henry Holt concludes his series of papers on "The Social Discontent." He indulges no hope that this discontent can be removed, nor does he aim at that result.

"Some form of discontent is the basis of all effort, and hence of all progress. The 'contentment' that has inspired poets and moralists connotes, as perhaps all objects of enthusiasm do, but one side of the truth. What is really advocated is the guiding of discontent away from the miasmatic pools of worry, into the power-giving streams of action; better still if it could, as perhaps in time it can, be removed from the slavery of necessity, and to the divine unrest of aspiration. But so long as painful contrasts of condition remain, it is no more desirable that the social discontent cease than probable that it will. The only seri. ous question, then, is whether men can ultimately reach a substantial equality of condition."

Miss Alice Zimmern contributes a hopeful account of the position of women in the European universities. "In another twenty-five years there will be no need to explain the position of women at our universities. There will be

nothing left to say then, except that, in very truth, 'the woman's cause is man's," "

Mr. Alvan F. Sanborn's " 'Study of Beggars and their Lodgings" deals with the city lodging-house problem in the most effective way possible-by means of realistic de. scription.

Mr. Henry J. Fletcher writes of "The Doom of the Small Town." He finds much cause for discouragement in the discriminating freight rates which operate so constantly to the injury of the smaller communities, and in the absence of all opportunity for the village boy to learn or practice a skilled trade at home.

Of Lord Rosebery, Justin McCarthy says: "He is a man of movement, a reformer; it is his temper, his character, to look forward. Therefore the career of such a man must depend on his continuing to be the leader of the Liberal party. He has the strength for the place. Nobody doubts that. Will he put forth his strength? Will he cease absolutely to play the part of an amateur in politics? I am convinced that it depends only upon himself to become, in the truest sense, a great English Prime Minister." Dr. Newman Smyth, in an article on "Suppression of the Lottery and other Gambling," calls on the colleges to protest against prevalent betting habits among their students.

ΤΗ

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.

HE article by Hon. Lorrin A. Thurston, on "The Growing Greatness of the Pacific," is reviewed in another department.

Ex-Speaker Thomas B. Reed pays a "Last Tribute" of disrespect to the late Fifty-third Congress. The article is written in Mr. Reed's vigorous and familiar style, and not the least significant of its pointed passages is the closing paragraph:

"The great advantage of the last election, and perhaps the only advantage, is that a halt has been called to destructive legislation. We may hope, with some assurance, for nothing worse, even if we can expect nothing better."

Admiral Colomb, of the Royal Navy, in an article on "The Future of the Torpedo in War," makes the somewhat startling admission that the great naval powers of the world can no longer place reliance on battleships, but must depend on torpedo boats for protection. The question then arises, What becomes of the battleships? In Admiral Colomb's view they will be no longer necessary.

"I can understand how, in land war, infantry may be employed to protect artillery without placing artillery in the position of a useless arm. But I cannot yet see how the torpedo-boat destroyer can be necessary to protect the battleship, and yet have the latter as a necessary arm. Mr. Zangwill, the novelist, has a suggestive paper in this number on "The Position of Judaism."

"If I were asked to sum up in one broad generalization the intellectual tendency of Israel, I should say that it was a tendency to unification. The Unity of God, which is the declaration of the dying Israelite, is but the theological expression of this tendency. The Jewish mind runs to Unity by an instinct as harmonious as the Greek's sense of Art. It is always impelled to a synthetic perception of the whole. This is Israel's contribution to the world, his vision of existence. There is one God who unifies the cosmos, and one people to reveal him, and one creed to which all the world will come."

Mr. George U. Crocker discusses the cost of fire insurance, showing that the amount of premiums paid into insurance companies is nearly double the amount paid out by the companies for fire loss, and advocating a sweeping reduction of commissions to brokers and agents.

IN

THE ARENA.

N an article on "Higher Criticism as Viewed by a Liberal Scholar," J. H. Long emphasizes the service rendered by the critics in restoring the Bible to its rightful place in literature, in distinction from the place which the good book formerly held as the object of superstitious veneration. "No greater service can be rendered to the Christian world than to show it what the Bible really is, and what its writers intended it should be."

Prof. Frank Parsons begins a series of papers on "The People's Highways," with a statistical discussion of the question of national ownership of the railways and the telegraph. He cites abundant authority to sustain his argument for the affirmative.

"San Francisco and the Civic Awakening" is the title of an interesting article by Adeline Knapp. The work of the various reform organizations there united in the Civic Federation is described.

Harry C. Vrooman contributes a thoughtful paper on "Crime and the Enforcement of Law." Heinrich Hensoldt offers a "Plea for Pantheism ;" John Ransom Bridge throws light on several heretofore unexplained episodes in the career of the late Madame Blavatsky, and Margaret B. Peeke continues her series of papers on "The Mission of Practical Occultism."

Mr. Richard Heath endeavors to do justice to the character of the Anabaptists, those originators of the Reformation who for three centuries have been submerged beneath a flood of denunciation emanating equally from Catholics and Protestants. He describes the condition of things in Germany in the sixteenth century, when mankind indeed was in an evil case. He says: "It was into such a world that Anabaptism came, with its ideas of God immanent in man, and of a holy community composed of men and women who had determined to walk in the light that lighteth every man that cometh into the world. Going to the poor man stripped, bleeding, and half dead, it assured him that he still possessed the greatest of all treasures, a treasure no earthly power could take from him. For every human being was a temple of God; there in the human conscience was the Eternal Word. Anabaptism was a revolt of the conscience against a Christendom that was not Christian, and a Reformation that substituted one tyranny for another.

THE SECRET OF COLERIDGE.

Miss Julia Wedgewood has one of her characteristic essays upon Coleridge, both as poet and philosopher. She says: "The poetry of Coleridge owes its peculiar beauty to the fact of its embodying, in a deeper sense than we could use the words of almost any other poet, the revelation of a character. His philosophy owes to the same cause all that we can recognize as its perennial truth. He had felt the bondage of nature, the absolute character of that law of necessity to which a man may surrender himself if he live under the sequence of the physical. He also came to realize the deliverance which proceeds from that which is above and beyond nature, to learn that things