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THE ORIGIN OF PROTESTANT PATRIOTISM IN

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ENGLAND.

MELANCHOLY interest attaches to Longman's Magazine, which publishes another of the Oxford lectures by Mr. Froude on the English seamen of the sixteenth century. There is very little in it about seamen, and a great deal about the Pope and his emissaries, the Jesuits, who succeeded in making patriotism in England almost synonymous with Protestantism in the latter end of Elizabeth's reign.

HOW THE REFORMATION BEGAN.

In this article Mr. Froude sets forth once more that Protestantism in its origin was anything but dogmatical. He says: 66 The Reformation at its origin was no introduction of novel heresies. It was a revolt of the laity of Europe against the profligacy and avarice of the clergy. The popes and cardinals pretended to be the representatives of Heaven. When called to account for abuse of their powers, they had behaved precisely as mere corrupt human kings and aristocracies behave. They had intrigued; they had excommunicated; they had set nation against nation, sovereigns against their subjects; they had encouraged assassination; they had made themselves infamous by horrid massacres, and had taught one-half of foolish Christendom to hate the other. The hearts of the poor English seamen whose comrades had been burnt at Seville to make a Spanish holiday thrilled with a sacred determination to end such scenes.

The pur

pose that was in them broke into a wild war music, as the wind harp swells and screams under the breath of the storm."

RED LETTER SAINTS OR BLACK TRAITORS? The most interesting part of the article, however, is the publication of a document which Mr. Froude had unearthed from the archives of Spain, in which Parsons, the head of the Jesuit mission in England, presents in summary the arguments in favor of a prompt invasion of England. It is ridiculous, says Mr. Froude, to regard the severity with which such traitors were treated as an instance of the odium

theologicum. He says: "What these seminary

priests were, and what their object was, will best appear from an account of the condition of England, drawn up for the use of the Pope and Philip, by Father Parsons, who was himself at the head of the mission. The date of it is 1585, but it is new, and being intended for practical guidance, is complete in its way. It comes from the Spanish archives, and is not, therefore, open to suspicion.

PARSONS' "6 BRIEF NOTE."

"Parsons describes his statement as a brief note on the present condition of England,' from which may be inferred the ease and opportuneness of the holy enterprise. England,' he says, 'contains fiftytwo counties, of which forty are well inclined to the Catholic. Heretics in these are few, and are hated by all ranks. The remaining twelve are infected more or less, but even in these the Catholics are in

the majority. Divide England into three parts; twothirds at least are Catholic at heart, though many conceal their convictions in fear of the Queen.

"The enemies that we shall have to deal with are the more determined heretics whom we call Puritans, and certain creatures of the Queen, the Earls of Leicester and Huntingdon, and a few others. They will have an advantage in the money in the treasury, the public arms and stores, and the army and navy, but none of them have ever seen a camp. The leaders have been nuzzled in love-making and court pleasures, and they will all fly at the first shock of war. They have not a man who can command in the field.

"In the whole realm there are but two fortresses which could stand a three days' siege. The people are enervated by long peace, and except a few who have served with the heretics in Flanders cannot bear their arms. Of those few some are dead and some have deserted to the Prince of Parma, a clear proof of the real disposition to revolt. There is abundance of food and cattle in the country, all of which will be at our service and cannot be kept from us. Everywhere there are safe and roomy harbors, almost all undefended. An invading force can be landed with ease, and there will be no lack of local pilots. Fifteen thousand trained soldiers will be sufficient, aided by the Catholic English, though, of course, the larger the force, particularly if it includes cavalry, the quicker the work will be done and the less the expense. Practically there will be nothing to overcome save an unwarlike and undisciplined mob.

"Sixteen times England has been invaded. Twice only the native race have repelled the attacking force. They have been defeated on every other occasion, and with a cause so holy and just as ours we need not fear to fail. The expenses shall be repaid to his Holiness and the Catholic King out of the property of the heretics and the Protestant clergy. There will be ample in these resources to compensate all who give us their hand. But the work must be done promptly.''

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WERE THE PRIESTS RIGHT?

Mr. Froude points out that the failure of the Armada three years later does not by any means prove that Parsons was wrong in his estimate as to the ease with which England might have been overThe circumstances had changed. Mary Queen of Scots was dead, the determined heretics called Puritans and the seamen who had been taught to detest Spain by the Inquisition shattered the Armada before a landing could be effected. Mr. Froude evidently had his suspicions that if the Armada had effected a landing it would have subjected the patriotism of Catholic Englishmen to a test so severe that it probably would not have emerged triumphant. The statement by the priest that England had been invaded sixteen times, and that only twice had the native race succeeded in repelling the invader, is likely to figure conspicuously in future arguments in favor of increasing the English navy.

HOW TO PREVENT BLINDNESS AMONG

SCIENCE A NATURAL ALLY OF RELIGION.

MONG the reasons given by President E. Benjamin Andrews, in the New World, for declar

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ing science a natural ally of religion are these:

CHILDREN.

Suggestion for Municipalities.

Science forces us to believe in the unseen; it insists MISS CHARLOTTE SMITH, writing in the

upon pure love of truth; it reveals primordial being as spirit, not matter, confirming this truth through the doctrine of evolution, and gives us a more worthy conception of the relation of the works of the Deity to His purposes.

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President Andrews sounds a note of warning to those false friends of religion who think it necessary to continually cry "War" when there is no war. Religious teachers ought to beware how they assume that science, or any statement put forward in its name, conflicts with religious truth. Even if a tenet of science is not proved, and is destined yet to be much modified, it is nearly certain to contain important truth, which must be recognized at last, putting to shame such as refused its right to be heard. Religion has suffered immeasurably from these false alarms, of which in the end it has always been obliged, however reluctantly, to admit the groundlessness. But this confusion is not the worst. To do aught against real science is to shut a prophet's mouth, to stifle a voice from on high. We may be sure of it, every discovery in any field of truth has its religious bearing; to suppress or to hinder this from coming to due influence is fighting against God.

"Let such, then, as are permitted the privilege fearlessly and zealously engage in the study of science. Its objects are but the works of God. We shall be thinking God's thoughts after Him, and if they fail affectingly to remind us of their source, it will be because we forbid them to do their proper and normal work upon our spirits. It seems to the writer that if critical study of the world ever dulls a man's religious sense, or fails to foster his appreciation of divine things, it must be because he has gotten himself involved in some false theory or method, or because he is simply a smatterer and no student at all, or else because he has a proud heart and will not learn. Unless one is humble and honest, science will of course not guide one aright. Vanity, hero worship, shibboleths and false watchwords are quite as plentiful and quite as dangerous in the scientific as they are in the theological world.

"Propositions relating to religion are to be sifted, like others. Creeds two centuries hence will read But the substance somewhat differently from ours. of religion is eternal, and the man who supposes otherwise is very shallow. Not to take into account Plato and Aristotle, whom the fathers all rightly recognized as theists, depend upon it that Jerome, Augustine, Anselm, Thomas Aquinas, Bossuet, Pascal, Hegel and Sir William Hamilton were not fools in affirming a spiritual world and a living God! And a Teacher greater than any of these was not confusing things when he said in one and the same discourse : 'Consider the lilies of the field,' and 'Seek the kingdom and righteousness of God.'"

Medical Magazine for November, has an article on ophthalmia, which should be read by all practical philanthropists. She says that at the present moment there are as many as 7,000 totally blind and as many half-blind persons in England, who would not have lost their sight if the local authorities had taken the very simple precaution of issuing with the vaccination notices a small printed warning as to the need of taking care of the eyesight of the new-born child. Unfortunately the recommendations of the Ophthalmological Society have not been carried out by the government. It would seem that it is too great a burden on the local registrars to include the following very small leaflet of the society along with the vaccination notices :

Instructions regarding new born infants: "If the child's eyelids become red and swollen or begin to run with matter, within a few days after birth, it is to be taken, without a day's delay, to the doctor. The disease is very dangerous, and if not at once treated may destroy the sight of both eyes." The Royal Commissioners were in favor of much more information being supplied gratuitously through sanitary authority or post office.

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At present, however, not even this irreducible minimum of information is supplied to any one excepting by the municipalities. Glasgow leads the "The municipal authority of Glasgow, under that distinguished sanitarian, Dr. Russell, have drawn up a two-page leaflet of instructions to parents, which is distributed gratuitously to all persons registering the birth of a child by the local registrars. The number of copies distributed annually is 20,000, at a total cost to municipality of $25 per The amount of instruction given in these brief Hints on Management of Children' not only contains the advice urged by the Ophthalmic Society, but other much-needed directions as to proper food and clothing."

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The only other town in the United Kingdom which has taken action in this direction is Manchester, and it is not the municipality which has done anything by a voluntary association. Miss Smith says: "The Manchester and Salford Sanitary Association have issued instructions (under the sanction of Professor Ransome and others) of so simple a nature that no possible sane man could be found who would not wish it 'God speed.""

Miss Smith calls attention to the fact that 60 per cent. of the children born in England have not the advantage of medical attendance or skilled assistance. In several large towns, among which are Wolverhampton and Macclesfield, doctors are absent from no fewer than 90 per cent. of the births. This being so, it is still more important that the untrained midwife and the still more untrained mother should be told what simple steps should be taken in order to save the child's eyesight.

THE SPREAD AND CURE OF DIPHTHERIA.

DR. ROBSON ROOSE writes on

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The Spread of Diphtheria" in the Fortnightly Review. From his paper it would seem that diphtheria increases steadily side by side with the improvements in sanitary administration.

THE INCREASE OF DIPHTHERIA IN EUROPE.

Dr. Roose says: "The average mortality varies in different epidemics; it generally ranges between 25 and 40 per cent. During the last few years the number of fatal cases has been steadily increasing in London, though the proportion of deaths to attacks has considerably diminished. In the metropolitan area in 1889, the deaths from diphtheria numbered 1,617; in 1892, they were 1,969; while in 1893, they reached a total of 3,265. During the second quarter of the current year, 644 deaths were registered from diphtheria, and 1,826 from the same cause in England and Wales. Recent observations, extending over eight years, in Prussia, show a yearly average mortality of more than 40,000 children from diphtheria, the number of deaths almost equaling the fatality from scarlet fever, measles, and whooping cough combined. The fact that the mortality from diphtheria has more than doubled in London during the twenty years terminated by 1890, and has, moreover, increased to a less extent throughout England and Wales, and especially in many cities and towns, cannot fail to excite alarm not unmixed with surprise. During this period many sanitary laws have been passed, and their provisions have been vigorously carried out by a numerous staff of well trained and competent officers."

THE CAUSES OF ITS INCREASE.

Dr. Roose discusses the causes of this strange and menacing increase. He says: "It is highly probable that the spread of diphtheria is promoted in a very special manner by the massing together of large numbers of children, as occurs at the present day in many of our elementary schools. This view has been forcibly advocated by Dr. Thorne, who has paid great attention to the subject.

"Season and climate exert but little influence on the development and spread of diphtheria, but the disease is more common in temperate and cold climates than in the tropics."

HOW TO REMEDY IT.

The following are Dr. Roose's suggestions as to the best means by which the malady could be kept in check: "The notification and isolation of cases ought, of course, to be sedulously carried out; but there are several difficulties in the way. Sore throat is a very common complaint; it is, indeed, one of the symptoms of an ordinary cold, and a condition which may pass into diphtheria may exist for many hours without exciting the least suspicion. When cases of diphtheria occur in any locality, all forms of throat disease ought to be carefully investigated and examined by a medical practitioner. The efficient ventilation of schools would do much to check the spread of all infective diseases. If natural ventilation could

not be achieved, artificial means of supplying fresh air ought to be adopted, notwithstanding the expense of any such method. When a case of undoubted diphtheria has occurred among children attending a school, the buildings should be forthwith closed and thoroughly disinfected. As a matter of course, the sufferers should be isolated, and visits from other children should be strictly forbidden. The milk supply will require special attention, and all insanitary conditions should be remedied as far as possible."

ANTI-TOXINE.

Prince Kropotkin in his "Recent Science" in the Nineteenth Century tells briefly how anti-toxine, the new preservative against diphtheria, was discovered: "Instead of introducing a deadly virus, and then trying to cure it by chemicals, an attenuated diphtheria (or tetanus) poison was used for vaccination-all bacteria and their spores having been removed by filtration from the vaccinating liquid, and the morbid properties of the poison itself having been reduced by the addition of certain chemicals. This attenuated poison was injected into a quite sound sheep (or horse) in such limited quantities as to obtain but a very feeble reaction of fever ; and the injections were repeated until the animal was accustomed, so to say, to the poison, and no more fever was provoked by subsequent injections. Then stronger doses, up to three and six cubic inches of the attenuated poison, were resorted to; and when they also had no marked effect, an injection of the most virulent diphtheria poison, such as would kill outright an untrained sheep, was attempted. If it did not provoke diphtheria, the sheep or horse was considered immune, and the serum of its blood could be used to cure diphtheria in other animals. This method was gradually perfected, and it was discovered by Roux that the serum need not be drawn each time afresh. It may be desiccated, and kept for a long time in such state without losing its properties. The curative effects of such serum are really wonderful."

ITS ALLEGED CURES.

How remarkable these results are may be gathered from the following case, with which Dr. Roose concludes his article in the Fortnightly: "In the Paris Children's Hospital, previous to the serum treatment, the mortality had scarcely ever been below 50 per cent. From February 1 to July 24, 1894, the rate of mortality was less than 24 per cent. among four hundred and forty-eight children treated with antitoxine. During the same time, at the Trousseau Hospital, where the serum treatment was not used, the mortality amongst five hundred and twenty cases was equal to 60 per cent. Similar and even more striking experiences have been reported from Germany and Austria. In our own country, owing to the difficulty in obtaining anti-toxine, the treatment has been adopted in a comparatively small number of cases. The results have been extremely satisfactory, and leave no room for doubt as to the potency of the remedy. Up to November 10, Sir J. Lister's appeal

had produced about £500, one-quarter of the sum required to enable the association to prepare the serum on an adequate scale. The necessity is urgent, and it is to be hoped that the remaining £1,500 will be omptly supplied."

It is well to know, however, that the merits of anti-toxine are gravely questioned by the German experts. Mr. Roose says: "The views of Berlin medical circles appear to be very divided on the subject of the new cure for diphtheria. At a numerously attended meeting of the Medical Association, held some days ago in the capital, Dr. Hansemann, the assistant of Professor Virchow, read a paper in which he stated that after a careful investigation of the question, he had come to the following conclusions: 1, The Löffler bacillus cannot be indisputably rec. ognized as the cause of diphtheria, as it occurs in many other diseases; 2, the prophylactic character of the serum has not been proved; 3, it is not a specific remedy, as certain cures have not been demonstrated; and, 4, the serum is by no means uninjurious to the human body. Dr. Hansemann's criticisms were heartily applauded."

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DR. HOLMES, ANATOMIST.

GLIMPSE of the late Dr. Holmes as lecturer on anatomy in the medical school of Harvard University, is afforded by Mr. David W. Cheever, writing in the Harvard Graduates' Magazine:

"Dr. Holmes was accurate, punctual, precise, unvarying in patience over detail, and though not an original anatomist in the sense of a discoverer, yet a most exact descriptive lecturer; while the wealth of illustration, comparison and simile he used was unequaled. Hence his charm; you received informa

me you direct them, but against knowledge, against science, against all civilized progress,' etc. In a few moments he had brought his audience to shame, to silence and respect."

"Too sympathetic to practice medicine, Dr. Holmes soon abandoned the art for the science, and always manifested the same reverence for death and tenderness for animals. When it became necessary to have a freshly killed rabbit for his lectures, he always ran out of the room, left me to choloroform it, and besought me not to let it squeak. In his earlier years, however, Dr. Holmes was not devoid of professional aspirations and of success. Winner of three consecutive Boylston Prize Essays, his paper on 'Intermittent Fever in New England' first recognized a tendency to recur in malarial disease, which has since spread again, over our State; while his Puerperal Fever as a Private Pestilence' may be regarded as the earliest recognition of the principles of sepsis, and aseptics, which have since become the law and the pride of surgery and medicine.

"His interest in his profession and in medical societies was profound and constant. Following the lead of the elder Bigelow, he early developed a skepticism of drugs as panaceas; believed with him in the natural progress and self-limitation of disease, taught that doctrine of expectancy which, carried to excess, ended in a therapeutic nihilism. From this, and from the bathos of infinitesimals, science has slowly and surely emerged through the discoveries of chemistry, of cellular pathology, and, later, of bacteriology, which is now revolutionizing theories and practice, by microscopic research.

MR. LANG ON CAPTAIN MARRYAT.

N his monthly causerie, “At the Sign of the Ship,"

tion, and you were amused at the same time. He in Longman's Magazine, Mr. Lang gossips

was always simple and rudimentary in his instruction. His flights of fancy never shot over his hearers' heads. Iteration and reiteration' was his favorite motto in teaching.

"Often witty, he could also be serious and pathetic; and he possessed the high power of holding and controlling his rough audience. In those days academic manners were rude, and even the gentle botanist Gray was forced to suspend a lecture because of the pea-shooters used by the students. On one occasion Dr. Holmes found his lecture floor literally strewn with spitballs, which had been thrown during the preceding hour at Professor Jackson and his odorous pathological specimens. He had them all carefully collected in a bowl, which they nearly filled, and this was covered with a clean white napkin and placed beside his cadaver. Entering the lecture arena, he said that he had first a new specimen to show them, and raising the napkin disclosed the offensive missiles. A shriek of laughter followed. Then taking the matter seriously in hand, he delivered a touching address, saying, "It is not at Dr. Jackson you aim these spitballs, but at the museum and at Pathology, on which he toils away his life, collecting facts by which you and your children may live. It is not at

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pleasantly about the modern boy's taste in literature. "When boys love The Superfluous Woman,'" he says, "and fondly peruse 'Ships that Pass in the Night,' then, and not till then, I shall begin to despair of boys and of everything." He goes on to say that "only one boy in a hundred cares for reading."

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"In spite of this defense of the British boy, as not one whit more illiterate than his father who begat him, I certainly do marvel that, if a lad can get Marryat as easily as Kingston, he should prefer the latter, or any contemporary writer for boys, to the creator of Peter Simple' and 'Mr. Midshipman Easy.' The good Captain, our old friend, is as much superior to modern authors of boys' books of maritime adventure as Fielding is to the author of The Yellow Aster.' And Marryat has no erudition to puzzle boys, no tedious passages to repel them. He writes of what he saw and knew, with humor, spirit, sympathy, kindness. He was a part of those great national deeds which he records; but if boys won't read him one cannot help it. The newest tale is ever the sweetest in the ears of men,' says Homer, and 'Peter Simple' is not new. But it will endure when the new tales are pulp.

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Mr. Thayer sees great significance in the fact that the rising novelists of our day are "not Realists but Romanticists, not analysts but story tellers." In this new class he numbers Caine, Doyle, Zangwill, Weyman, Crockett, du Maurier, Stevenson, Crawford and Rudyard Kipling-men who "are writing the novels which the multitudes are sitting up late to read." Moreover, there are new popular editions of Scott and Dumas père. All which, the writer thinks, goes to show that the doom of Realism is sealed, and he believes that the time has already come when we may take an accurate historical view of Realism and specify some of its results.

THE RISE OF REALISM.

Realism was the natural outcome of the great scientific movement of the century, says Mr. Thayer. "Observation and experiment, these were the two methods by which the 'experimental novelist' should produce his work." This was the doctrine expounded in France by Zola and in America by Mr. Howells, a doctrine which sought to annihilate all preconceptions and literary idols. "Even Shakespeare was not spared. At his martyrdom we show that genius, too, must go, and soon the dictum came that there is no such thing as genius,' that what the unscientific foreworld called by that name is only a strong congenital predisposition plus indefatigable perseverence." Mr. Thayer goes on to show that the novelist, in the Realist's conception, was a dispassionate investigator of phenomena and a patient laborer in the task of classifying the results of his observation "He [the Realist] disdained anything except an exact reproduction of real life. To him, as to the man of science, there should be neither beauty nor ugliness, great nor small, good nor evil; he was impartial; he eliminated the personal equation; he would make his mind as unprejudiced as a photographic plate.

CRITICISM OF THE REALIST'S DOCTRINE. "The scientific method' applied in this way is not the method for portraying human nature. Only the human can understand, and consequently interpret, the human; how, therefore, shall a man who boasts that he has dehumanized himself so that his mind is as impartial as a photographic plate, enabling him to look on his fellow-beings without preferring the good to the bad, the beautiful to the ugly-how shall he be qualified to speak for the race which does discriminate, does prefer, does feel? The camera sees only the outside; the Realist sees no more, and so it would be more appropriate to call him 'Epidermist,' one who investigates only the surface, the cuticle of life-usually with a preference for dirty skin."

INDUSTRY VERSUS THE IMAGINATION.

"By the imagination have all the highest creations of art and literature been produced, and the general truths of science and morals been discovered; for the imagination is that supreme faculty in man which beholds reality; it is the faculty, furthermore, which synthesizes, which vivifies, which constructs. The Epidermist, whose forte is analysis, discarding the imagination, has hoped by accumulating masses of detail to produce as sure an effect of reality as genius produces by using a few essentials. Yet, merely in the matter of illusion, this is an inferior method. If Mr. Kipling, for instance, can in a paragraph illude his readers to the extent he desires, whereas it takes Mr. Howells or Mr. James ten pages to produce an illusion, the chances are ten to one against Epidermism as a means of literary expression."

REALISM A PHASE OF DECADENCE.

Mr. Thayer concludes that Realism has been a token that fiction was the slave of the scientific method, and therefore it has indicated a decadence in literature. He does not believe that the realistic novels will be read by future generations. He believes that they will die, not because they are nasty, or morbid, or petty, but because they are dull. Against dullness the gods themselves have no refuge save in flight."

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In the Young Man Mr. Gilbert Parker, who is to write their serial next volume, explains how it is that he finds it necessary to wander off to the uttermost ends of the earth between the production of his novels. He says: "I worked at night for years, and I never awoke fresh in the morning; the body is a very sensitive machine, which requires a good deal of grooming and shepherding. My friends, and perhaps others, wonder why I suddenly start off to the Continent, or Mexico, or Labrador, or the United States; I do it because I feel that there is danger in keeping, as I am disposed to do, too closely to my work. What may appear as eccentricity in making these sudden long journeys is a very deliberate method of life, which has at least produced this result that I am always fresh in feeling, and I am younger at thirty-two than I was at twenty-one.

"I have almost arranged with Sir Donald A. Smith, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company (to my mind one of the most remarkable men in the world), who is granting me facilities which I believe have never been given before, to take a journey which has been in my mind for years. My plan is to go up through Canada to the Saskatchewan Valley, from

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